Somatosensation is considered a general sense, as opposed to the submodalities discussed in this section. Trans-retinal is reconverted to cis-retinal -Pacinian corpuscles are rapidly-adapting, deep receptors that respond to deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. Place the ossicles of the ear in order from the tympanic membrane to the oval window. Meissners corpuscles respond to touch and low-frequency vibration. The sensory receptors in the skin are: Mechanoreceptors Ruffini's end organ (skin stretch) End-bulbs of Krause (Cold) Meissner's corpuscle (changes in texture, slow vibrations) Pacinian corpuscle (deep pressure, fast vibrations) Merkel's disc (sustained touch and pressure) Free nerve endings thermoreceptor nociceptors chemoreceptors * H+, EXs associated w/ what taste sensation? a. Lacrimal gland Which are examples of both somatic and visceral sensory receptors? The bulbous corpuscles (also known as Ruffini endings) detect tension deep in the skin and fascia. Various feature extraction methods have been proposed in the literature. Meissners corpuscles, Ruffini endings, Pacinian corpuscles, and Krause end bulbs are all encapsulated. End bulbs c. Bulbous corpuscles d. Tactile corpuscles b. somatic sensory receptor. They are found in both glabrous and hairy skin. Listing all the different sensory modalities, which can number as many as 17, involves separating the five major senses into more specific categories, or submodalities, of the larger sense. 6. perilymph of scala tympani General senses often contribute to the sense of touch, as described above, or to proprioception (body position) and kinesthesia (body movement), or to a visceral sense, which is most important to autonomic functions. There are six different types of receptors in our skin that allow us to feel and perceive touch. This redesigned and updated new edition offers a comprehensive introductory survey of basic clinical health care skills for learners entering health care programs or for those that think they may be interested in pursuing a career in health care. Merkels disks are densely distributed in the fingertips and lips. Different types of stimuli are sensed by different types of receptors. b. somatic sensory receptor. Some stimuli are physical variations in the environment that affect receptor cell membrane potentials. what ion is responsible for depolarization of hair cells of the spiral organ? Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. d. Dopamine, a. hair cells covered by an otolithic membrane, When you travel in an elevator (which moves linearly in space), the ___________ detect when the elevator is accelerating or decelerating. What do stretch receptors do? Barorecptors detect pressure changes in an organ. Finally, a proprioceptor is a receptor located near a moving part of the body, such as a muscle or joint capsule, that interprets the positions of the tissues as they move. Thirdly, the functional classification is based on how the cell transduces the stimulus into a neural signal. 5. These categories are based on the nature of the stimuli that each receptor class transduces. Olfactory glands are also known as _________ glands. transparent & avascular Specific types of receptors called _____ detect stimuli in the internal organs. - Saccule c. thermoreceptor. In humans, touch receptors are less dense in skin covered with any type of hair, such as the arms, legs, torso, and face. The sensory fibers connect to the spinal cord through the dorsal root, which is attached to the dorsal root ganglion. There are fewer Pacinian corpuscles and Ruffini endings in skin than there are Merkels disks and Meissners corpuscles. The wild type (WT) is the phenotype of the typical form of a species as it . http://cnx.org/contents/185cbf87-c72e-48f5-b51e-f14f21b5eabd@10.8, Describe four important mechanoreceptors in human skin, Describe the topographical distribution of somatosensory receptors. _____ corpuscles in the dermis detect pressure, whereas _____ corpuscles in the dermis detect fine touch. What type of receptor is found in the mucous membranes? Middle: Osmoreceptors respond to solute concentrations of body fluids. Receptors are the cells or structures that detect sensations. Figure4. These nerve endings detect the movement of hair at the surface of the skin, such as when an insect may be walking along the skin. Meissner corpuscles in the fingertips, such as the one viewed here using bright field light microscopy, allow for touch discrimination of fine detail. . d. K+, What neurotransmitter is released from depolarized hair cells to stimulate fibers of the vestibulocochlear nerve? Both the upper and lower layers of the skin hold rapidly and slowly adapting receptors. These categories are based on the nature of stimuli each receptor class transduces. What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? Key Terms. Order the regions of the ear from lateral to medial. Which of the following are functions of the inner ear? 4. Deep pressure and vibration is transduced by lamellated (Pacinian) corpuscles, which are receptors with encapsulated endings found deep in the dermis, or subcutaneous tissue. We also acknowledge previous National Science Foundation support under grant numbers 1246120, 1525057, and 1413739. 6. perilymph of scala tympani d. Oval window Hence, they convey information about the duration of the stimulus. Pacinian corpuscles (seen in Figure4) are located deep in the dermis of both glabrous and hairy skin and are structurally similar to Meissners corpuscles; they are found in the bone periosteum, joint capsules, pancreas and other viscera, breast, and genitals. That makes them very sensitive to edges; they come into use in tasks such as typing on a keyboard. They are found primarily in the glabrous skin on the fingertips and eyelids. The cells that transduce sensory stimuli into the electrochemical signals of the nervous system are classified on the basis of structural or functional aspects of the cells. Begins in the oval window Pacinian receptors detect pressure and vibration by being compressed, stimulating their internal dendrites. Receptor cells can be further categorized on the basis of the type of stimuli they transduce. -Pinna (auricle) Such stretch receptors can also prevent over-contraction of a muscle. Pressure, vibration, muscle stretch, and the movement of hair by an external stimulus, are all sensed by mechanoreceptors and perceived as touch or proprioception. 3 - Pressure waves are generated within the oval window and travel through the scala vestibuli. Each year in the United States, 10,000 new cases of spinal cord injury are reported. Pacinian corpuscles detect rapid vibrations (about 200-300 Hz). Free nerve endings are sensitive to painful stimuli, to hot and cold, and to light touch. a) Vibration. b) Heat. receptors in the eye respond to a different type of input than receptors in the skin. Anatomy & Physiology by Lindsay M. Biga, Sierra Dawson, Amy Harwell, Robin Hopkins, Joel Kaufmann, Mike LeMaster, Philip Matern, Katie Morrison-Graham, Devon Quick & Jon Runyeon is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. They may be massed together to form a sense organ, such as the eye or ear, or they may be scattered, as are those of the skin and viscera. Merkel cells function as type 1 mechano-receptors and can sense light touches. b. Incus 2. perilymph of scala vestibule a. cochlea. detect deep touch. d. supporting cells. c. vestibule 4. How can a person perceive over 4,000 different odors? They are rapidly adapting, fluid-filled, encapsulated neurons with small, well-defined borders and are responsive to fine details. Why is visceral pain sometimes localized incorrectly? a. Lamellated corpuscles b. The Cellular Level of Organization, Chapter 4. Sound waves are funneled into the ears by the: True or False: Astigmatism is also called farsightedness. For example, the general sense of touch, which is known as somatosensation, can be separated into light pressure, deep pressure, vibration, itch, pain, temperature, or hair movement. The Chemical Level of Organization, Chapter 3. The modulus of elasticity is 20GPa20 \mathrm{~GPa}20GPa for the concrete and 200GPa200 \mathrm{~GPa}200GPa for the steel. 2. round window Vitreous humor, anterior chamber, lens, pupil, posterior chamber, vascular tunic, cornea, retina. a. Incus Epiglottis - Vagus nerve (CN X), First, match the taste receptor to the proper cranial nerve name, and then choose the appropriate cranial nerve number. a. small The receptive fields of Merkels disks are small with well-defined borders. Finally, vision involves the activation of photoreceptors. b. Pinna - Foliate Can a mri detect a blood clot? Sensation is the activation of sensory receptors at the level of the stimulus. d. Fibers of the cochlear nerve Receptors. 2 - Sound waves are amplified due to movement by the auditory ossicles. An injury to the upper part of the spinal cord may result in quadriplegia, or paralysis of both upper and lower limbs. Related to chemoreceptors are osmoreceptors and nociceptors for fluid balance and pain reception, respectively. Figure 2. What causes Trachoma, a type of conjunctivitis? Other transmembrane proteins, which are not accurately called receptors, are sensitive to mechanical or thermal changes. 4 - Ossicles interoceptors Place the three regions of the ear in order from lateral to medial: - external ear - inner ear - middle ear 1. dendrites enclosed in a capsule. An exteroceptor is a receptor that is located near a stimulus in the external environment, such as the somatosensory receptors that are located in the skin. Once in the medulla, the neurons continue carrying the signals to the thalamus. * acids - Neural layer of the retina Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate. What was the author's purpose? The vitreous body is also called the vitreous __________. c. Tympanic membrane The cranial nerves are connected to the same side of the brain from which the sensory information originates. a. Glutamate The input arguments are vectors Pacinian corpuscles; a large, encapsulated tactile receptor that detects deep pressure and high-frequency vibration. Inner: These sensory receptors are known as the cutaneous receptors and they are found in the epidermis and dermis of the skin. c - Inferior colliculus . Pain is primarily a chemical and sometimes mechanical sense that interprets the presence of chemicals from tissue damage, or intense mechanical stimuli, through a nociceptor. E-Book Overview INTRODUCTION TO HEALTH CARE, 3E provides learners with an easy-to-read foundation in the profession of health care. The suspensory ligaments connect the __________ to the ciliary muscles. b. Acetylcholine a. - LIGHT. What lobe of the brain processes auditory information? - They are unmyelinated - Utricle. Mechanoreceptors respond to mechanical stimuli and are the basis for most aspects of somatosensation, as well as being the basis of audition and equilibrium in the inner ear. If the statement is false, change the underlined word or words to make the statement true. Action potentials are transmitted out of the optic nerve. d. Stapes, 5. oval window e. Lateral geniculate nucleus -High degree of neural convergence These graded potentialscause neurotransmitter to be released onto a sensory neuron causing a graded post-synaptic potential. Mechanoreceptors are part of the nervous system that detect changes in movement or pressure. a. basilar membrane. Muscle spindles are stretch receptors that detect the amount of stretch, or lengthening of muscles. Humans can perceive various types of sensations, and with this information, our motor movement is determined. Which of the following is a location where Krause bulbs are located? These categories are based on the nature of stimuli each receptor class transduces. They are slow to adjust to a stimulus and so are less sensitive to abrupt changes in stimulation. 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Sensory Processes - Transduction and Perception, 36.4: Somatosensation - Integration of Signals from Mechanoreceptors, status page at https://status.libretexts.org, Describe the structure and function of mechanoreceptors. Follicles are also wrapped in a plexus of nerve endings known as the hair follicle plexus. g. Retina. Ruffini endings also detect warmth. Correctly label the structures associated with the lacrimal apparatus. The lamellar corpuscles (also known as Pacinian corpuscles) in the skin and fascia detect rapid vibrations (of about 200-300 Hz). Merkels disks (shown in Figure2) are found in the upper layers of skin near the base of the epidermis, both in skin that has hair and on glabrous skin, that is, the hairless skin found on the palms and fingers, the soles of the feet, and the lips of humans and other primates. Stapes The pathways between sensory receptors and SI are modality specific and are anatomically and electrophysiologically distinct. Rods: e - Cochlear branch of CN VIII (vestibulocochlear nerve) Nociceptors (pain receptors)- These receptors identify any extreme thermal or mechanical stimuli, which can be damaging. ____ Current evidence suggests that endothermy evolved at least four times. b. Optic nerve c. basilar membrane and tectorial membrane. What is the margin between the photosensitive and nonphotosensitive regions of the retina called? Tags: Question 21 . The Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels and Circulation, Chapter 21. 2. Many of the somatosensory receptors are located in the skin, but receptors are also found in muscles, tendons, joint capsules and ligaments. The general sense that is usually referred to as touch includes chemical sensation in the form of nociception, or pain. This means that its receptors are not associated with a specialized organ, but are instead spread throughout the body in a variety of organs. Order the layers of the eye from superficial to deep. f. Choroid 1) Sclera 2) Choroid 3) Pigmented layer 4) Neural layer What type of receptor is found in the mucous membranes? 1) Choroid e. Lacrimal canaliculus A receptor cell is changed directly by a stimulus. If strong enough, the graded potential causes the sensory neuron to produce an action potential that is relayed into the central nervous system (CNS), where it is integrated with other sensory informationand sometimes higher cognitive functionsto become a conscious perception of that stimulus. b. oval window. It is not surprising, then, that humans detect cold stimuli before they detect warm stimuli. 2) Photoreceptors e. stapes. -Anterior two-thirds of the tongue d. Temporal bone. Receptors are the structures (and sometimes whole cells) that detect sensations. They respond to fine touch and pressure, but they also respond to low-frequency vibration or flutter. a. Bony labyrinth ; mechanoreceptor: Any receptor that provides an organism with information about mechanical changes in its environment such as movement, tension, and pressure. Feature papers represent the most advanced research with significant potential for high impact in the field. Action potentials triggered by receptor cells, however, are indirect. Three types of receptors detect touch: Meissner corpuscles, Merkel disks, and free nerve endings. A third classification of receptors is by how the receptor transduces stimuli into membrane potential changes. When strong enough to reach threshold they can directly trigger an action potential along the axon of the sensory neuron. Chemoreceptors are stimulated by a change in the chemical composition of the local environment. Gustatory cells are found in taste __________. -Aqueous humor, Indicate whether each item is composed of transparent (clear) material through which light passes, or if the item is an opaque structure not involved in the transmission of light. The center of the retina is a pit called the ____________ . Neurons are not physically connected, but communicate via neurotransmitters secreted into synapses or gaps between communicating neurons. Ribosome profiling can therefore detect drug-induced translational readthrough (DITR) events at premature termination codons (PTCs) as a consequence of a nonsense mutation in the . In the eye, the __________ humor is gelatinous. d. the ability to determine how close or far away an object is. f. Superior colliculus Rods continuously release the neurotransmitter glutamate. - Exposure to acid on the skin A part of the auditory pathway responsible for auditory reflexes is the What type of receptors detect deep pressure and vibration? e. Sclera - They are immobile. -Ciliary body From the soft touch of the child to the painful punch of a boxer, all the daily activities carry . Mechanoreceptors - provides sensations of touch, pressure, vibration, proprioception, d - Cochlear nucleus They contain mechanically-gated ion channels whose gates open or close in response to pressure, touch, stretching, and sound. They are slow-adapting, unencapsulated nerve endings, and they respond to light touch. There are a few types of hair receptors that detect slow and rapid hair movement, and they differ in their sensitivity to movement. d. tympanic membrane. In this demonstration, two sharp points, such as two thumbtacks, are brought into contact with the subjects skin (though not hard enough to cause pain or break the skin). Several distinct receptor types form the somatosensory system including thermoreceptors (heat), nociceptors (pain), and mechanoreceptors (pressure). We will discuss the special senses, which include smell, taste, vision, hearing and the vestibular system, in chapter 15. e. stapes. Free nerve endings are the most common nerve endings in skin, and they extend into the middle of the epidermis. a. medial geniculate nucleus. Spinal injuries may result in paralysis, or the loss of muscle function and feeling in part of the body. As tears drain through the lacrimal caruncle they enter small holes called the lacrimal __________.
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