Other depressants include barbiturates and benzodiazepines. These behaviors vary widely, but they can include kicking, punching, scratching, yelling, and behaving like an animal that has been frightened or attacked. Sleep debt and sleep deprivation have significant negative psychological and physiological consequencesFigure 4.5. It may seem counterintuitive that stimulant medications are prescribed to treat a disorder that involves hyperactivity, but the therapeutic effect comes from increases in neurotransmitter activity within certain areas of the brain associated with impulse control. Heroin users often shoot the drug directly into their veins. Sleep regulationrefers to the brains control of switching between sleep and wakefulness as well as coordinating this cycle with the outside world. Sleepis a state marked by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness that is distinct from periods of rest that occur during wakefulness. This is known as the REM rebound, and it suggests that REM sleep is also homeostatically regulated. Thus we sleep in safe areas to reduce the chance of harm. The brains clock mechanism is located in an area of the hypothalamus known as thesuprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN). To date, people have used a variety ofnicotinereplacement therapies in addition to various psychotherapeutic options in an attempt to discontinue their use of tobacco products. These drugs promote increased levels of neural activity. While there are variations, there are four parts that appear consistent in bringing people into the state of suggestibility associated with hypnosis (National Research Council, 1994). Insleepwalking, or somnambulism, the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile. . These symptoms include fatigue, sluggishness, irritability, and insomnia (i.e., a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep for at least three nights a week over a month's time) (Roth, 2007). The treatment of insomnia likely would include stress management techniques and changes in problematic behaviors that could contribute to insomnia (e.g., spending more waking time in bed). c. absence of subjective symptoms of disease. According to the dissociation view, hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness, much like our earlier example where you may drive to work, but you are only minimally aware of the process of driving because your attention is focused elsewhere. Jet lagis a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment. Infants younger than 12 months appear to be at the highest risk for SIDS, and boys have a greater risk than girls. In addition, these drugs can cause feelings of anxiety, hallucinations, and paranoia (Fiorentini et al., 2011). If you get peritoneal dialysis, peritonitis symptoms also may include: Cloudy dialysis fluid. These initiatives include increasing access to treatment and recovery services, increasing access to overdose-reversal drugs like Naloxone, and implementing better public health monitoring systems (NIDA, 2019). One hypothesis from this perspective might argue that sleep is essential to restore resources that are expended during the day. The average EVD case fatality rate is around 50%. Thus, opioid drugs, which mimic this endogenous painkilling mechanism, have an extremely high potential for abuse. Sleep reboundrefers to the fact that a sleep-deprived individual will fall asleep more quickly during subsequent opportunities for sleep. Some animals never sleep (e.g., some fish and amphibian species); other animals sleep very little without apparent negative consequences (e.g., giraffes); yet some animals (e.g., rats) die after two weeks of sleep deprivation (Siegel, 2008). Following the initial rush, users experience 46 hours of going on the nod, alternating between conscious and semiconscious states. Some view a hypnotized persons behavior not as an altered or dissociated state of consciousness, but as their fulfillment of the social expectations for that role (Coe, 2009; Coe & Sarbin, 1966). In terms of brain wave activity, stage 1 sleep is associated with both alpha and theta waves. Acontinuous positive airway pressure (CPAP)device includes a mask that fits over the sleepers nose and mouth, which is connected to a pump that pumps air into the persons airways, forcing them to remain open, as shown inFigure 4.13. Again, this is an intuitive and appealing explanation for why we sleep. For example, around one third of individuals diagnosed with narcolepsy experience vivid, dream-like hallucinations during narcoleptic attacks (Chokroverty, 2010). Acircadian rhythmis a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours. Sleepwalking most often occurs during slow-wave sleep, but it can occur at any time during a sleep period in some affected individuals (Mahowald & Schenck, 2000). Alan Hobson, a neuroscientist, is credited for developing activation-synthesis theory of dreaming. Upon admission to an outpatient clinic for treatment of mood disorders, she met all of the diagnostic criteria for substance dependence and was advised to dramatically limit her caffeine intake. According to Jung, certain symbols in dreams reflected universal archetypes with meanings that are similar for all people regardless of culture or location. MDMA (3.4-methelynedioxy-methamphetamine, commonly known as ecstasy or Molly) is a mild stimulant with perception-altering effects. . Historically, heroin has been a major opioid drug of abuse (Figure 4.17). There are two types of sleep apnea: obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea. (credit a: modification of work by Jim Epler; credit b: modification of work by Caleb Roenigk), video about circadian rhythms and how they affect sleep, video that gives sleep tips for college students, video about the relationship between sleep and memory, instructional video about using Buddhist meditation techniques to alleviate stress, video about the results of a brain imaging study in individuals who underwent specific mindfulness meditative techniques, https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/1-introduction, Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, Cocaine, amphetamines (including some ADHD medications such as Adderall), methamphetamines, MDMA (Ecstasy or Molly), Increased heart rate, blood pressure, body temperature. For example, repeated use can lead to overall depletion among the monoamine neurotransmitters (dopamine, norepinephrine, and serotonin). However, when a stimulant drug was used in conjunction with a popular antidepressant, her condition improved dramatically. On January 16, 1997, Scott Falater sat down to dinner with his wife and children and told them about difficulties he was experiencing on a project at work. One of the most common treatments for sleep apnea involves the use of a special device during sleep. Moreover, these impairments become more severe as the amount of sleep deprivation increases (Alhola & Polo-Kantola, 2007). Homeostasis refers to the body's need to reach and maintain a certain state of equilibrium. Nicotine is most commonly used in the form of tobacco products like cigarettes or chewing tobacco; therefore, there is a tremendous interest in developing effective smoking cessation techniques. While there is tremendous variation in any given individuals sleep needs, the National Sleep Foundation (n.d.) cites research to estimate that newborns require the most sleep (between 12 and 18 hours a night) and that this amount declines to just 79 hours by the time we are adults. Primary signs and symptoms of Ebola often include some or several of the following: Fever. These include daydreaming, intoxication, and unconsciousness due to anesthesia. For instance, the concentration of various ions in your blood must be kept steady, along with pH and the concentration of glucose. Generally, people use caffeine to maintain increased levels of alertness and arousal. It seems like everyone knows a friend, family member, or neighbor who has died of an overdose. While sleep apnea is less common in thin people, anyone, regardless of their weight, who snores loudly or gasps for air while sleeping, should be checked for sleep apnea. Question 2 1 / 1 pts Ling Fan finds that she has a difficult time tolerating alcohol and prefers to not even have small amounts , as she often becomes flushed , warm , and nauseous .Most likely , Ling Fan , like many other women and those of Asian descent , lacks the enzyme called alcohol _ _ _____. These same women were awakened during REM sleep in order to provide a detailed account of their dream content. This discomfort is relieved by deliberately moving the legs, which, not surprisingly, contributes to difficulty in falling or staying asleep. While "internal state" or impulsivity are terms more generally discussed in psychology or neuroscience, the concept is familiar to anyone. Individuals who suffer from RBD have high levels of physical activity during REM sleep, especially during disturbing dreams. In the central nervous system, it plays a role in arousal and reward mechanisms. 3. There is a tremendous amount of variability among sufferers, both in terms of how symptoms of narcolepsy manifest and the effectiveness of currently available treatment options. For individuals who are especially open to the power of suggestion, hypnosis can prove to be a very effective technique, and brain imaging studies have demonstrated that hypnotic states are associated with global changes in brain functioning (Del Casale et al., 2012; Guldenmund, Vanhaudenhuyse, Boly, Laureys, & Soddu, 2012). It is not uncommon for people suffering from undiagnosed or untreated sleep apnea to fear that their careers will be affected by the lack of sleep, illustrated by this statement from another patient, Im in a job where theres a premium on being mentally alert. This campaign is sponsored in part by the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development. These kinds of schedules are common for individuals working in health care professions and service industries, and they are associated with persistent feelings of exhaustion and agitation that can make someone more prone to making mistakes on the job (Gold et al., 1992; Presser, 1995). Sleep apnea is defined as a reduction or cessation of breathing during sleep. Disorganized Thinking. These sleep episodes are often associated withcataplexy, which is a lack of muscle tone or muscle weakness, and in some cases involves complete paralysis of the voluntary muscles. Ahallucinogenis one of a class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences (Figure 4.18). Methadone clinicshelp people who previously struggled with opioid addiction manage withdrawal symptoms through the use of methadone. This section will present information relating to the use of various psychoactive drugs and problems associated with such use. During sleep, the pituitary gland secretes both FSH and LH which are important in regulating the reproductive system (Christensen et al., 2012; Sofikitis et al., 2008). 22. Given that college students are notorious for suffering from significant sleep debt (Hicks, Fernandez, & Pelligrini, 2001; Hicks, Johnson, & Pelligrini, 1992; Miller, Shattuck, & Matsangas, 2010), chances are you and your classmates deal with sleep debt-related issues on a regular basis. Body temperature rises throughout the waking day, peaking in the afternoon, and falls during sleep with the lowest point occurring during the very early morning hours. Whilecaffeineis generally considered a relatively safe drug, high blood levels of caffeine can result in insomnia, agitation, muscle twitching, nausea, irregular heartbeat, and even death (Reissig, Strain, & Griffiths, 2009; Wolt, Ganetsky, & Babu, 2012). Increased prescriptions led to greater rates of misuse, along with greater incidence of addiction, even among patients who used these drugs as prescribed. In her case, the fact that her cataplexy was confined to the right side of her body was quite unusual. (credit sleeping: modification of work by Ryan Vaarsi). The woman used caffeine in the past to boost her mood and to provide energy, but over the course of several years, she increased her caffeine consumption to the point that she was consuming three liters of soda each day. In 2015, the National Sleep Foundation updated their sleep duration hours, to better accommodate individual differences. For instance, if a woman dreams about being chased by a snake, Freud might have argued that this represents the womans fear of sexual intimacy, with the snake serving as a symbol of a mans penis. Some forms of psychotherapy, such as cognitive-behavioral therapy, can help sufferers of insomnia. Drug use disorders are addictive disorders, and the criteria for specific substance (drug) use disorders are described in DSM-5. Five cardinal signs characterize this response: pain, heat, redness, swelling, and loss of function. Perhaps our ancestors spent extended periods of time asleep to reduce attention to themselves from potential predators. Confusion. Sleep apnea is much more common in overweight people and is often associated with loud snoring. (West et al., 2009, p. 114). Therefore, it is quite likely that new medications that are developed to treat narcolepsy will be designed to target the hypocretin system. Infants should not have caps placed on their heads when put down to sleep in order to prevent overheating, and people in the childs household should abstain from smoking in the home. As an individual continues through stage 1 sleep, there is an increase in theta wave activity.
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