After weaning and up to the age of 5 or 6, however, much of the day-to-day caretaking of a child has customarily been done by an opposite-sex sibling or other preadolescent (often a member of the father's lineage), called lapidi (nurse-child). Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. They also oversaw village-lineage ritual and chiefdomwide ritual, were the main advisors to their rwot, and were responsible for most of the social control exercised in Acholi. Numbering between 400 and 500 by the turn of the twentieth century, these exogamous groups claim descent from a common ancestor (although means exist to incorporate many types of "outsiders" as well) and have special lineage shrines, ritual ceremonies, praise-calls, and totems. Graduating Essay, Department of History, Makerere University (Kampala). Since 1996 this policy has expanded to encompass the entire rural Acholi population of four districts, one million people. )[9], "Since independence in 1962, Uganda has been plagued by ethnically driven, politically manipulated violence referred to by some as a history of 'cycles of revenge and mistrust'. were able gain wealth by trading mainly in ivory. Nairobi: East African Literature Bureau. The old staples of eleusine (finger) millet, sorghum, sesame, and various peas, beans, and leafy green vegetables continue to be grown, along with twentieth-century crops such as cassava, maize, peanuts (groundnuts), fruits, and cotton. Notable among the Acholi soldiers who made the ranks were Gen. Tito Okello-Lutwa, Brig. (1936). Boys and girls are typically socialized into distinct gender roles, and do household and other chores accordingly. Pyerino Okoya and Lt. Gen Bazilio Olara-Okello. The Acholi people (also spelled Acoli) are a Nilotic ethnic group of Luo peoples (also spelled Lwo), found in Magwi County in South Sudan and Northern Uganda (an area commonly referred to as Acholiland), including the districts of Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Kitgum, Nwoya, Lamwo, Pader and Omoro District. [19], The religious leaders have tried to help end the conflict in the country of the last two decades and to reconcile the parties. Politics has been around for millennia. Historian Mark Curtis says that after Amin instigated a coup, Britain, the United States, and Israel quietly backed Amin and his campaign against the socialist-leaning President Milton Obote in 1971. Specifically, this study explored, Living with Language. Political organizations are those engaged in political activities (e.g., lobbying, community organizing, campaign advertising, etc.) Within the Cite this article tool, pick a style to see how all available information looks when formatted according to that style. Bride-wealth has varied over time but has usually included iron objects, domestic animals, and, in the twentieth century, money. According to the reconstruction by Atkinson (2011 [1994]), the Acholi as a group emerged 116-25 Section 3101, requires electronic filing by exempt organizations in tax years beginning after July 1, 2019. As droughts and It refers to people known locally as Luo Gang. This cookie is set by GDPR Cookie Consent plugin. The size and nature of this occasion depend on the age and status of the deceased, with the most lavish and festive celebrations taking place when the person who died was both aged and important. At its peak in 2005 over B.A. London: James Currey. Ceremonies. Uma, F. K. (1971). (unpublished thesis) Ann Arbor, Michigan: University Microfilms International . With independence, the Acholi remained marginal within the framework of Uganda as a whole, with one crucial exception: their disproportionate numbers in the police and army. One illustration of this is the various spirit-possession-based millennial (and military) movements that have been prominent in Acholi during the extremely difficult period of the late 1980s and early 1990s, most famously the Holy Spirit Movement of Alice Lakwena. (UNHCR, 2012). came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. Yet the northerners living in these squalid camps were prone to attack by the LRA and the national army alike, and unable to raise their own food. Acholi, also spelled Acoli, also called Gang or Shuli, ethnolinguistic group of northern Uganda and South Sudan. Peace negotiations to end the long-running rebellion by the Lords Resistance Army continued, while security in the north improved through 2007. Payera chiefdom and in 1911 they established here the Gulu township (Whitmire, 2013, pp. In response, Musevenis government forced 1.4 to 1.9 million civilians into camps where they ostensibly were to be protected by the Ugandan army. Certain rwodi and interpreters began to accumulate some of the new wealth brought into Acholi by international trade, and descendants of some of these men used their inherited wealth to build up prominent twentieth-century families. The word 'Acholi' is a misnomer that became adopted for convenience over the years. The Luo, (also spelled Lwo) are several ethnically and linguistically related Nilo-Semitic ethnic groups that inhabit an area ranging from Egypt and Sudan to South Sudan and Ethiopia, through Northern Uganda and eastern Congo (DRC), into western Kenya, and the Mara Region of Tanzania. This has continued in various guises ever since. While every effort has been made to follow citation style rules, there may be some discrepancies. Encyclopedia of World Cultures. With colonial rule Acholi conceive of death as an inevitable, personal defeat and tragedy, against which there is no ultimate defense. The Acholi live in small hamlets among patrilineal kin. The main point of contact Apart from hundreds of thousands of deaths and tens of thousands being abducted, Ruhakana Rugunda, the Ugandan minister of internal affairs and leader of the government negotiating team, noted the effectiveness of the traditional system. The combination of the two events, have put pressure on the LRA to lay down its arms. Wright, A. C. A. Nairobi: Oxford University Press. ." Since the British had set up their administrational centre in the Subsistence and Commercial Activities. [26] However, it successfully popularised the LRA in the West. Under Ugandan Pres. The Acholi of Uganda. These figures represent population densities of 20.4 persons per square kilometer in 1980, 16.5 per square kilometer in 1969, and about one-fourth and one-fifth the 1969 densities during the earlier two periods. This trade brought new wealth into Acholi that was unevenly accumulated, with rwodi and interpreters (and eventually their sons and other kinsmen) the major beneficiaries. Political Organization. Before the late seventeenth century, Luo speakers were limited to only a few peripheral areas of Acholi. contested among those with traditional leadership qualifications and A new sociopolitical orderand the basis of an Acholi identitywas established when chiefly institutions and ideology were introduced into Acholi by Luo-speaking Paluo from the neighboring kingdom of Bunyoro-Kitara. The Taxpayer First Act, Pub. However, the date of retrieval is often important. Crazzolara, J. P. (1938). But when Idi Amin overthrew Obotes first spell in power, and when Yoweri Musevini ousted Okello, the Acholi paid heavily for their allegiances. Uganda Now: Between Decay and Development. of as dialects of Acholi. Division of Labor. For example, among Acholi, husbands pay a bride price to their wives fathers, and this payment supports the traditional belief that women are the property of the husband, since a payment was made for her. ETHNONYM: Karanga (historical) Location. We use cookies on our website to give you the most relevant experience by remembering your preferences and repeat visits. A rebellion in 1911 in response to the British confiscation of Acholi guns was the last large-scale conflict in Acholi until Amin came to power in 1971. ETHNONYMS: Mende (Men-day), Mendes, Huro, Wuro Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. have often limited or prevented serious conflict, especially among Mothers are responsible for the initial care of their children and for much of their socialization. It is part of the Southern Lwoo languages represents an income that averages several times that of a member of the 23 Feb. 2023 . Each type of spirit had numerous ceremonies associated with it; many ceremonies included small offerings of food and drink. Due to its central location and the close Identification. "[20] They have continued to work to end the war through negotiation. Men have also traditionally played a significant role in agriculture, especially for such time-limited, labor-intensive tasks as clearing, planting, and harvesting (often as part of lineage-based cooperative labor teams). Social Organization. Montreal and Kingston: McGill-Queen's University Press. These cookies track visitors across websites and collect information to provide customised ads. time was critical to the social and political development of the region. The cookie is used to store the user consent for the cookies in the category "Performance". "Land Tenure in Acholi." Soon after, the NRM started pacifying the northern region, which is home to several ethnics, including the Acholi and Lango. "Against Humanitarian Impunity: Rethinking Responsibility for Displacement and Disaster in Northern Uganda,", Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", pp. the nations capital Kampala in 1988. in the Western Nilotic branch of Nilo-Saharan. Divorce, which can occur for numerous reasons, is not uncommon and may or may not involve return of the bride-wealth; children, as members of the father's lineage, usually either stay with the father or return to him later. Acholi have played a pivotal role in the turbulent post-independence era. Latigo (2006), "Northern Uganda", p. 90-92, Branch, A. Used by Google DoubleClick and stores information about how the user uses the website and any other advertisement before visiting the website. (1976). Mass meetings were organized separately by Luo people in Kavirondo and the Kikuyu people in Nairobi. Cite this article Pick a style below, and copy the text for your bibliography. Much of that hierarchy continued Batswana are divided into a number of subgroups or "tribes": Bahurut, Shona latest redrawing of the administrative divisions, it contains seven districts; Agago, Amuru, Gulu, Ethnohistory 36(1): 19-43. "Acholi Each clan was administered by a council of elders chosen because of their outstanding military performance and because of their senior position in the community. became more frequent, more deadly, and more widely spread. Most prominent among them was the Uganda People's Army (UPA) in Teso and Lango sub region, the West Nile Bank Frontiers (WNBF) in the West Nile region, the Uganda People's Democratic Army, the Holy Spirit Movement and the LRA in the Acholi region. Most Acholi, however, continue to live in neighborhoods (parishes) that not only consist predominantly of patrilineal kinsmen and their wives, but often carry the old lineage names. As a result, many widowed Acholi have been unable to access their land on return to their homes. point to the most recent violent conflict was the overthrow of the Okello-led government by the Malaria and AIDS have been the primary disease causes of deaths. ." fight the Arab slave traders and his colonial administration was viewed as not very invasive Idi Amin was also from north Uganda, but was of the Kakwa people. Orientation Apoko, Anna (1967). ETHNONYMS: Afipa, Wafipa Even though the recent history of conflict can in some ways be tracked all the way back to the The major art forms of the Acholi have been drumming, singing, and dancing. With colonial rule came a new hierarchy of chiefs, clerks, and policemen, all under the authority of a district commissioner. of mutual intelligibility amongst each other, they were at times interpreted as a dialectal cluster Uganda journal 27(1): 15-30. Identification. Numbering more than one million at the turn of the 21st century, they speak a Western Nilotic language of the Eastern Sudanic branch of the Nilo-Saharan family and are culturally and historically related to their traditional enemies, the neighbouring Lango. 1679-1914." "[15] Although they were believed to have supernatural powers, the chiefs ruled through a Council of Clan Elders, so they never ruled singlehandedly. Industrial Arts. He had established the Equatorial Province in 1870 In East African Childhood: Three Versions, edited by L. K. Fox, 43-75. NAPE, along with sister organization the National Association for Women's Action in Development, has brought together more than 5,000 women from . They write new content and verify and edit content received from contributors. The Acholi have a modified Iroquois kinship-terminology system, reflecting Acholi's patrilineal and patrilocal ideology. Encyclopaedia Britannica's editors oversee subject areas in which they have extensive knowledge, whether from years of experience gained by working on that content or via study for an advanced degree. It was filmed by Australian director Ebony Butler, Simon Hardwidge and Ugandan author Frey Onen. Acholi Quarter in Kampala, for example, is largely populated by formerly rural Acholi from Northern Uganda, uprooted by years of conflict and now caught in a situation of prolonged displacement. The Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) under the leadership of Joseph Kony has waged a war against Yoweri Museveni's government. But a chief's territory seldom corresponded to any pre-colonial entity, while his wide-ranging executive and judicial powers were a complete novelty. It was not until 1995 that a constitutional reform recognized such cultural leaders, but they have not been fully restored to previous powers, as so much of society has changed. London: James Currey. At first fighting against the insurgence of the army of the central government, the morphed into Chuuli, before finally becoming Acholi as it was applicated with the pronoun A Study of the Acooli Language: Grammar and Vocabulary. Latigo, James, "The Acholi Traditional Conflict Resolution in Light of Current Circumstances:". The Acholi are proud and loud, but have been exposed as a group without a uniting leadership. The Age-set spokesmen handled affairs involving interclan cooperation. From the beginning, the Acholi were marginal compared to Britain's concern with Buganda, at the core of the colony. World Directory of Minorities and Indigenous Peoples. Medicine. Common synonyms for this type of organization are "interest groups," "pressure groups," and . The n, Mende Acholiland or "Acoli-land" (also known as the Acholi sub-region) is a necessarily inexact ethnolinguistic taxonomy that refers to the region traditionally inhabited by the Acholi. Dwyer, John O. 102-104, Southern Sudan and the Government of the Republic of the South Sudan, State Minister for Foreign Affairs (International Affairs), https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=15068#topmenu, "2014 Uganda Population and Housing Census Main Report", https://www.peoplegroups.org/explore/GroupDetails.aspx?peid=14887#topmenu, James Ojent Latigo, Chapter 4: "Northern Uganda tradition-based practices in the Acholi region, 1. Hier sind Acholi-Frauen dafr bekannt, . The 1980 population of the Uganda Acholi was approximately 580,000 (Kasozi 1994, ii), up from some 465,000 in 1969 (Langlands 1971), perhaps 125,000 in 1900 and about 100,000 at the end of the eighteenth century (Atkinson 1994, 275-281). sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the Starting in the late seventeenth century, a new sociopolitical order developed among the Luo of Northern Uganda, mainly characterized by the formation of chiefdoms headed by Rwodi (sg. p. 41). Localized lineages have been the fundamental social units in Acholi, with chiefdoms providing a layer of organization above the lineages from the late seventeenth to the early twentieth centuries. It has similarity with Alur, Padhola language, and other Luo languages in South Sudan Shilluk, Anuak,Pari, Balanda, Boor, Thuri. [10], The Acholi are known to the outside world mainly because of the long insurgency of the Lord's Resistance Army (LRA) led by Joseph Kony, an Acholi from Gulu. 1orthern Uganda or Acholiland is formally known as the Acholi sub-region, an area inhab N - ited primarily by speakers of the Acholi language, whom I refer to as the Acholi. According to Latigo, prior to colonialism, "the Acholi people maintained a traditional government that was rooted firmly in their religious beliefs, norms, and customs, which demanded peace and stability in Acholiland at all times, based on their philosophy of life. The Fipa are a Bantu-speaking people of southwestern Tanzania in East-Central Africa. He and others have suggested it could help the nation more than adopting the Western system of the International Criminal Court at The Hague (although some charges had already been filed against LRA leaders in 2005 there. In September 1996, the Ugandan government moved hundreds of thousands of Acholi from the Gulu district into camps, ostensibly for their protection. Situated 1,025 to 1,350 meters above sea level, the Acholi landscape is typical East African game countryrolling grasslands with scattered trees, streams, and rock outcrops. They keep sheep and cattle but are not as committed to pastoralism as some other Nilotic peoples are. Similarly, General Okello Lutwa who toppled the Obote II regime, was an Acholi. Administrative divisions within Acholi, however, both during colonial rule and since independence, have often reflected preexisting sociopolitical units: lineages at the parish level; chiefdoms at the subcounty level; and larger zones of the most intensive (and peaceful) interpolity interactions at the county level. Milton Obote, the independence leader, relied heavily on the support of his fellow Luo-speakers - Acholi and Langi - in government.
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