The increased production coming from existing and anticipated investments in the local agro-processing sector, as well as imports, are expected to help satisfy this growing demand. Causes and Characteristics of Drought in Ethiopia. <i>Results . the agriculture sector in Ethiopia relies to a greater extent on availability of suitable land, moisture, climatic . Resembling the banana but bearing an inedible fruit, the plant produces large quantities of starch in its underground rhizome and an above-ground stem that can reach a height of several meters. The agricultural production trends throughout the 1980's up to mid-1990's were characterized by wide fluctuations in total output and weak growth, with grain production increasing at rate of 1.37% annually compared to population growth of 2.9 % (World Bank, 2004). Ethiopias cotton production is insufficient to meet the growing demand from the textile and apparel sector. For northwest and central Ethiopia, fertilizer usage determinants are estimated simultaneously with technology-specific production functions. [27], Most of the estimated 7.5 million equines (horses, mules, and donkeys) are used to transport produce and other agricultural goods. The MOA is supporting the development of the countrys livestock sector, which is one of the largest in Africa. It is roughly 7 and a half years behind the Gregorian calendar. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. Despite this potential, however, Ethiopian agriculture has remained underdeveloped. To evaluate the genetic diversity of Ethiopian potato cultivars, and to assess their relationship with germplasm from North America, Europe and the International Potato Center (CIP), 8303 SNP markers were used to characterize 44 local Ethiopian cultivars, as well as . Regular and reliable harvests helped generate stable tax income that led to relatively strong governmental structures that were ultimately the reason that Ethiopia was the only country not to be colonized in the late-nineteenth century Scramble for Africa apart from Liberia. Potato is an increasingly important crop in Ethiopia, but the origin of local cultivars grown throughout the country is unknown. Domestically, coffee contributed about 20% of the government's revenue. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation[1] caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Ploughing the land using these tools is ambiguous and time-consuming. The GOE has an ambitious plan to attain wheat self-sufficiency and halt importations. Please see below a summary of agricultural focus areas and objectives laid out in Ethiopias ten-year economic development plan (2021-2030). Some estimates indicated that yields on peasant farms were higher than those on state farms. The study aimed to characterize the reproductive performances and physical characteristics of Blackhead Somali indigenous sheep breeds. [31] ploughing the land to soften the land takes three months and from sowing and seedling to the harvesting of the crops requires three to four months. Top 3 Trade Partners (2021): China, India, and United States. [7], While efforts are being made to intensify and industrialize the sector, questions arise as to how Ethiopia can develop and expand its livestock population when Ethiopians already struggle to gain access to good soil, grazing land, and water. However, information is lacking in Wolaita, Southern Ethiopia. The MPP included credit for the purchase of items such as fertilizers, improved seeds, and pesticides; innovative extension services; the establishment of cooperatives; and the provision of infrastructure, mainly water supply and all-weather roads. Agriculture as a producer of positive externalities and public goods 2 2.4. Characteristics of agricultural landscape features and local soil fertility management practices in Northwestern Amhara, Ethiopia. The program, designed for rural development, was first introduced in a project called the Chilalo Agricultural Development Union. The vision of the CSA is to be a center of excellence in . The contributions of agriculture in Ethiopia. [7], The plains and low foothills west of the highlands have sandy and gray-to-black clay soils. Wubne, Mulatu. With 22% of children aged 5 to 14 working in the informal sector, the Department reported that "government efforts to address child labor have not sufficiently targeted sectors with a high incidence of child labor",[28] and cattle herding still figures among the goods listed in the DOL's List of Goods Produced by Child Labor or Forced Labor published in December 2014. But in the northern highlands, where title to farm land was shared amongst members of descent groups, many people resisted land reform. Agriculture accounts for most of (30- 42%) of the Gross Domestic Product (GDP) of the country. The poor performance of agriculture was related to several factors, including drought; a government policy of controlling prices and the free movement of agricultural products from surplus to deficit areas; the unstable political climate; the dislocation of the rural community caused by resettlement, villagization, and conscription of young farmers to meet military obligations; land tenure difficulties and the problem of land fragmentation; the lack of resources such as farm equipment, better seeds, and fertilizers; and the overall low level of technology. When you select "Accept all cookies," you're agreeing to let your browser store that data on your device so that we can provide you with a better, more relevant experience. [7] Ethiopias current level of wheat and soybean production is insufficient to satisfy domestic demand. The agricultural production sector is a backbone of the Ethiopian economy. This paper analyzes and discusses how the newly adopted system is structured and operates, the characteristics of extension services, and the evaluation system employed in agricultural extension, and assesses the challenges and opportunities associated with the system. Major Rivers of Ethiopia Water resources. For instance, in the case of seed, the current varieties are more than 20 years old and are degraded. [7], Ethiopia's demand for grain continued to increase because of population pressures, while supply remained short, largely because of drought and government agricultural policies, such as price controls, which adversely affected crop production. In addition, increased peasant consumption caused shortages of food items such as teff, wheat, corn, and other grains in urban areas. Firstly, various policies that discouraged private sector participation in economic activity were implemented during the socialist era (between 1978 and 1992). These activities have contributed to higher yields and increased production of both crops and livestock. Flaxseed, also indigenous, is cultivated in the same general area as Niger seed. Increased production as well as imports are required to close this gap. [7], Before the Ethiopian Revolution, pulses and oilseeds played an important role, second only to coffee, in the country's exports. It focusses on Ethiopia and provides a broad overview of some of the key developments in agriculture. "Agriculture" (and subsections). Excluding the Afar and Somali Regions, there were approximately 47.5 million cattle, 26.1 million sheep, 21.7 million goats, 2.1 million horses and mules, 5.6 million donkeys, 1 million camels, and 39.6 million poultry. For instance, according to the World Bank between 1980 and 1987 agricultural production dropped at an annual rate of 2.1 percent, while the population grew at an annual rate of 2.4 percent. [7], In 1984 the founding congress of the Workers' Party of Ethiopia (WPE) emphasized the need for a coordinated strategy based on socialist principles to accelerate agricultural development. Hence, fewer people send their cattle in transhumance.[29]. Meat and milk yields are low and losses high, especially among calves and young stock. Peasant associations often were periodically compelled to redistribute land to accommodate young families or new households moving into their area. Thus, this study aimed at investigating the physiographic characteristics of agricultural lands, farmers . Sorghum and millet, which are drought resistant, grow well at low elevations where rainfall is less reliable. Moreover, the emperor's inability to implement meaningful land reform perpetuated a system in which aristocrats and the church owned most of the farmland and in which most farmers were tenants who had to provide as much as 50% of their crops as rent. [7], As of 2008[update], some countries that import most of their food, such as Saudi Arabia, had begun planning the development of large tracts of arable land in developing countries such as Ethiopia. Includes a market overview and trade data. "Agriculture" (and subsections), updated with latest figures from the CSA. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) 27 May 2021. During Derg rule, veterinary stations were opened at Bahir Dar, Bedele, and Bishoftu to provide treatment and vaccination services. Agriculture is the backbone of the economy of the country as the following facts indicate. The first three are primarily cool-weather crops cultivated at altitudes generally above 1,500 meters. Most of these crops are exported to generate foreign exchange. In 1971 the Ministry of Agriculture introduced the Minimum Package Program (MPP) to bring about economic and social changes. [2][3][4] Many other economic activities depend on agriculture, including marketing, processing, and export of agricultural products. This is a best prospect industry sector for this country. [23], Ethiopia has great potential for increased livestock production, both for local use and for export. The study sought to assess the role of smallholder farming in crop productivity and market access . [27], Poultry farming is widely practiced in Ethiopia; almost every farmstead keeps some poultry for consumption and for cash sale. In addition, the GOE continues to invest heavily in the expansion of the sugar industry, which is slated to be privatized in the near future with the aim of become one of the top ten sugar producers in the world over the next decade. Agro-processing, such as beverages, biscuits, bread, milk, meat, chicken, cooking oil, fruit and vegetables, etc. In fact, over 50% of the daily caloric intake of an average household is from wheat, sorghum, and corn. It began with the domestication of crops and animals. [7], The consumption of vegetables and fruits is relatively limited, largely because of their high cost. The country, therefore, is expected to import wheat and soybeans in the coming years. While by 1988 a total of 3600 Service Cooperatives were serving 4.4 million households and almost 4000 Producer cooperatives comprising 302,600 households had been founded, in that year they represented only 5.5% of national cereal production. TheInternational Trade Administration,U.S. Department of Commerce, manages this global trade site to provide access to ITA information on promoting trade and investment, strengthening the competitiveness of U.S. industry, and ensuring fair trade and compliance with trade laws and agreements. The farmers continued to utilize their ancient system of production despite changing ecological and population pressures. [7], Livestock production plays an important role in Ethiopia's economy. Amare Getahun's (1978) paper on agricultural systems in Ethiopia is one of the few attempts to classify agricultural systems in Ethiopia into (a) the highland mixed farming system, (b) low plateaux and valley mixed agriculture, (c) pastoral livestock production of the arid and semi-arid zones and (d) commercial agriculture, and to describe the main characteristics of each system. Volume II, Report on Livestock and Livestock Characteristics. to industries; export crops, from whose sales industries infrastructure and the like may be established; and . Although the MPPs improved the agricultural productivity of farmers, particularly in the project areas, there were many problems associated with discrimination against small farmers (because of a restrictive credit system that favored big landowners) and tenant eviction. Put in perspective, Ethiopia's key agricultural sector has grown at an annual . Grain imports are almost exclusively limited to wheat, nearly all of which the GOEs state-trading arm (i.e., Ethiopian Trading Business Corporation) purchases off the international market and later distributes in the local market at a subsidized price. Coffee grows wild in many parts of the country, although most Ethiopian coffee is produced in the Oromia Region (63.7%) and in the SNNPR (34.4%), with lesser amounts in the Gambela Region and around the city of Dire Dawa. This can be attributed to two factors. However, production is constrained in part by outdated ginneries and limited availability of quality inputs, including seed, fertilizer, and pest control agents. This includes: bolstering smallholder farmers productivity, enhancing marketing systems, upgrading participation of private sector, increasing volume of irrigated land and curtailing amount of households with inadequate food. Agriculture accounts for 36% percent of the nation's Gross domestic Product (GDP) as of 2020. In fact, the soybean crushing and soybean oil refining industry is quickly emerging. Niger seed is found mostly in the northern and central highlands at elevations between 1,800 and 2,500 meters. Over the centuries, deforestation, overgrazing, and practices such as cultivation of slopes not suited to agriculture have eroded the soil, a situation that worsened considerably during the 1970s and 1980s, especially in Eritrea, Tigray, and parts of Gondar and Wollo. To examine the current situation on the use of agricultural technologies by . Land Use Distribution and Change in Lake Tana Sub Basin -- 23. As many as 4.6 million people need food assistance annually. 3. Agriculture in Ethiopia is the foundation of the country's economy, accounting for half of gross domestic product (GDP), 83.9% of exports, and 80% of total employment.. Ethiopia's agriculture is plagued by periodic drought, soil degradation caused by overgrazing, deforestation, high levels of taxation and poor infrastructure (making it difficult and expensive to get goods to market). Top 3 Exported Goods (2021): Coffee & Spices, Vegetables, and Oil Seeds. The Blue Nile River. Supply and demand characteristics 2 2.3. Explain the main contribution, potentials, characteristics , and problems of Ethiopian agriculture. The Ethiopian Fruit and Vegetable Marketing Enterprise, which handled about 75 percent of Ethiopia's exports of fruits and vegetables in 198485, had to receive government subsidies because of losses. In June, 1997, the Ethiopian Agricultural Research Organization (EARO), today's Ethiopian Institute of Agricultural Research (EIAR) was established and merged all the existing agricultural research institutions which included: 1. Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Meher Season) 2020/21 (2013 E.C.) For instance, the 198485 official procurement price for 100 kilograms of teff was 42 birr at the farm level and 60 birr when the AMC purchased it from wholesalers. There are opportunities to process livestock products for both local and export markets. Additional investment opportunities are expected in the textile and garment sector as well as cotton production. [7], Soil erosion has been one of the country's major problems. USA.gov|FOIA|Privacy Program|EEO Policy|Disclaimer|Information Quality Guidelines |Accessibility, Official Website of the International Trade Administration, Comply with U.S. and Foreign Export Regulations. [17], Ethiopia's flower industry has become a new source for export revenue. Role Agriculture in Ethiopian economy. As a result, vegetable oils are widely used, and oilseed cultivation is an important agricultural activity. The reforms success in supporting Ethiopias economic growth in part depends on the development of the agro-processing sector (e.g. The Government of Ethiopia (GOE) has identified key priority intervention areas to increase productivity of smallholder farms and expand large-scale commercial farms. With support from the African Development Banks agricultural Technologies for African Agricultural Transformation program. Only 15 percent of the roads are paved; this is a problem particularly in the highlands, where there are two rainy seasons causing many roads to be unusable for weeks at a time. UNJP-RWEE was a five-year long initiative with the objective of accelerating the economic empowerment of rural women . NEED FOR A SPECIFIC TREATMENT OF AGRICULTURE . "Roles of extension and ethno-religious networks in acceptance of resource-conserving agriculture among Ethiopian farmers." After 1975 the revolutionary government used peasant associations to accelerate conservation work throughout rural areas. In Ethiopia, agriculture is the mainstay of the majority of the population and major driver of the national economy. This is a best prospect for Ethiopia. [7], Inaccessibility, water shortages, and infestations of disease-causing insects, mainly mosquitoes, prevented the use of large parcels of potentially productive land. Among the popular games on the grasslands, football (introduced via schools) tends to replace the traditional qarsa game. In fact, Ethiopia recently started importing chicken meat from Ukraine and Brazil. Crop and Livestock Product Utilization (Private Peasant Holdings . During this period, markets were major actors of economic activity and various positive measures, which encouraged . Pulses were a particularly important export item before the revolution. By African, standard rural development programme has long history in Ethiopia. Some of the land targeted for commercial development is considered marginal, prone to conflict, and/or has limited access to water. Individual poultry farms supply eggs and meat to urban dwellers. Demand for vegetables has stimulated truck farming around the main urban areas such as Addis Ababa and Asmera. SPECIFIC CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE 2 2.1. [6] Ethiopia has great agricultural potential because of its vast areas of fertile land, diverse climate, generally adequate rainfall, and large labor pool. Characteristics and challenges of the Ethiopian highlands farming systems. State farms sold their output to the AMC. However, the removal of arable land for conservation projects has threatened the welfare of increasing numbers of rural poor. Livestock and Livestock Characteristics (Private Peasant Holdings) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) The problem became so serious that Mengistu lashed out against the peasantry on the occasion of the fourth anniversary of military rule in September 1978. Trade. According to government statistics, there are approximately 50 million cattle, 50 million goats and sheep, plus an assortment of horses, donkeys, camels and chickens. See, for example, Central Statistical Authority of Ethiopia, "National Statistical Abstract. These three grains constitute the staple foods of a good part of the population and are major items in the diet of the nomads. Barley is grown mostly between 2,000 and 3,500 meters. Develop a legal framework for agriculture-specific financial services such as micro-lending, crop insurance and forward contracts. In view of this, a study was conducted to characterize the landscape features and related biophysical settings and to identify the local soil . These conditions include basic agricultural production potentials, access to input and output markets, and local population densities which represent both labor availability and local demand for food. In this regard, the CSA conducts, produces, disseminates and administers data generated from surveys and censuses in Ethiopia. Industrial Parks Development Corporation (IPDC), Textile Industry Development Institute (ETIDI), Ethiopian Cotton Producer, Ginners, and Exporters Association (ECPGEA). Corn is grown chiefly between elevations of 1,500 and 2,200 meters and requires large amounts of rainfall to ensure good harvests. Soil acidity is one of the most important environmental threats to the Ethiopian highlands where the livelihood of the majority of people is reliant on agriculture. It features and analyzes the country's agricultural progress from 1960s to date, and some . More background information on the cotton situation in Ethiopia can be found in our cotton report from 2019/20. The manufacturing sector plays a marginal role in employment generation, exports, output, and inter-sectoral linkages. Another study, of Dejen awraja (subregion) in Gojjam, found that land fragmentation had been exacerbated since the revolution. Contagious diseases and parasitic infections are major causes of death, factors that are exacerbated by malnutrition and starvation. The highest concentration of poultry is in Shewa, in central Wollo, and in northwestern Tigray. The agriculture sector is projected to grow at 6.2% per annum over the next ten years. Agriculture as a key element for the development of other sectors 3 3. Challenges of Agricultural Production and Productivity in Ethiopia. Accordingly, state farms received a large share of the country's resources for agriculture; from 1982 to 1990, this totaled about 43% of the government's agricultural investment. Please help update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information. It purchased grain from peasant associations at fixed prices. Wubne, Mulatu. . Because of drought, which has repeatedly affected the country since the early 1970s, a poor economic base (low productivity, weak infrastructure, and low level of technology), and overpopulation, the agricultural sector has performed poorly. Please see below for the market overview and trade data. ", Tables D.4 D.7. Taro, yams, and sweet potatoes are commonly grown in the same region as the ensete. Rain-fed cotton also grew in Humera, Bilate, and Arba Minch. Feed manufacturing, feed ingredients and feed milling equipment. Area, Production and Farm Management Practices (Private Peasant Holdings, Belg Season) 2020/2021 (2013 E.C.) However, the sector has always performed poorly; about one-half of the rural residents in Ethiopia live below the national poverty line, and the rural population is endowed with few and poorly provided social amenities. In 198182, out of the AMC's purchases of 257,000 tons of grain, Gojjam accounted for 32 percent of the purchases, and Arsi, Shewa, and Gonder accounted for 23%, 22%, and 10%, respectively. Ethiopia's agricultural sector has developed favourably over the past decade, but rapid population growth, limited access to fertile land, and volatile agricultural outcomes pose problems for the . As the economy grows and the population expands, consumer demand for certain types of foods is expected to increase. Ethiopias development plan has laid out enhancing agricultural production and productivity as one of the major strategic pillars. Years of bi-directional causality were found between agriculture and manufacturing and services sectors before 1975. Principal crops include coffee, pulses (e.g., beans), oilseeds, cereals, potatoes, sugarcane, and vegetables. Before the revolution, large-scale commercial cotton plantations were developed in the Awash Valley and the Humera areas. Facing a Foreign Trade AD/CVD or Safeguard Investigation? It accounts for nearly 80% of the land under cultivation and employs 60% of the rural workforce, most of which work on less than one hectare of land. >. [17], Although varying from region to region, the role of livestock in the Ethiopian economy was greater than the figures suggest. As the textile and apparel industry grows, there will likely be more opportunities for U.S. cotton sales. Public Communication Directorate Tel: +251-116-454441 Fax:+251-116-461294/465412 E-Mail:eiar@eiar.gov.et P.O.Box: 2003 Addis Ababa Ethiopia , Designed & Developed By Yonas T/birhan
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