Keep in mind the FDA does not recommend Trulicity as a "first-line therapy" for . Kolonel LN, Nomura AM, Cooney RV. Remember, keep this and all other medicines out of the reach of children, never share your medicines with others, and use this medication only for the indication prescribed. information and will only use or disclose that information as set forth in our notice of Available for Android and iOS devices. Summary: Drug interactions are reported among people who take Flaxseed and Anastrozole. (2014). View abstract. It's most often used for constipation (a common hypothyroid symptom) and touted for many other supposed health benefits. Consult your healthcare professional (e.g., doctor or pharmacist) for more in formation. are using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs. Serraino M, Thompson LU. Why Doesn't the U.S. Have at-Home Tests for the Flu? Flaxseed can act like the female hormone estrogen. An effective alternative or complement to medications in managing hypertension is through lifestyle modifications. Effect of a homemade salivary substitute prepared using chamomile (Matricaria chamomilla L.) flower and flax (Linum usitatissimum L.) seed to relieve primary burning mouth syndrome: a preliminary report. Circulating enterolactone and risk of endometrial cancer. If you choose to use flax, use it as directed on the package or as directed by your doctor, pharmacist, or other healthcare provider. Hailshadow/Getty Images. Jenkins DJ, Kendall CW, Vidgen E, et al. CONDITIONS OF USE: The information in this database is intended to supplement, not substitute for, the expertise and judgment of healthcare professionals. Flaxseed is often mixed with foods and used in baked goods, such as muffins, breads, and snack bars. 2013;23(6):446-7. Nutr J 2011;10:44. Moreover, the National Center for Biotechnology Information shared an article from the Division of Natural Products, which is a branch of the Food and Drug Administration, agreeing with the dangers that flaxseed can have on the . This information may not fit your specific health circumstances. Flaxseed can be used whole or crushed, or in a powder form as meal or flour. Cunnane SC, Hamadeh MJ, Liede AC, et al. Flaxseed alone or in combination with tamoxifen inhibits MCF-7 breast tumor growth in ovariectomized athymic mice with high circulating levels of estrogen. The use of flax seeds or flaxseed oil may result in lowered blood sugar. PAF is an active compound in the body that is related to a variety of immunological reactions. Flaxseed and flaxseed oil. It is not known whether flax passes into breast milk or if it could harm a nursing baby. Flaxseed oil may be a good option for you. Touillaud MS, Thiebaut AC, Fournier A, et al. Copyright 1996-2023 Cerner Multum, Inc. The effects of flaxseed dietary supplement on lipid profile, bone mineral density, and symptoms in menopausal women: a randomized, double-blind, wheat germ placebo-controlled clinical trial. You may also want to be careful combining flaxseed oil and warfarin, which is a blood-thinning medication that prevents the formation of blood clots. It is created by eHealthMe based on reports of 30 people who take . Rich in omega-3 fatty acids, flaxseed oil is gaining ground as a functional food with many potential health benefits. Effects of flaxseed and flaxseed oil supplement on serum levels of inflammatory markers, metabolic parameters and severity of disease in patients with ulcerative colitis. Potent antihypertensive action of dietary flaxseed in hypertensive patients. J Am Coll Nutr 2008;27:65-74. View abstract. View abstract. Taking flaxseed along with diabetes medications might cause blood sugar to drop too low. Supplementation with flaxseed alters estrogen metabolism in postmenopausal women to a greater extent than does supplementation with an equal amount of soy. High dose flaxseed oil supplementation may affect fasting blood serum glucose management in human type 2 diabetics. Am J Clin Nutr 1995;61:62-8. Its important to be cautious when using flaxseed oil, as there are several risks and side effects. 016 Sep 1;21:70. Generic name: flax (FLACKS) Flaxseed might also be helpful for managing diabetes and lowering the risk of heart disease. The relatively few animal studies addressing other cancers have shown some . These medications may interact and cause very harmful effects. Clin Nutr. The role of phytoestrogens in the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis in ovarian hormone deficiency. Flax has been used in alternative medicine as a possibly effective aid in treating type 2 diabetes, high cholesterol, and some autoimmune diseases such as systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE). Some people also take flaxseed to treat inflammatory diseases. Drink plenty of water each day while you are taking this product. The inhibitory effect of flaxseed on the growth and metastasis of estrogen receptor negative human breast cancer xenografts is attributed to both its lignan and oil components. Flax should not be used in place of medication prescribed for you by your doctor. Whether you are treated by a medical doctor or a practitioner trained in the use of natural medicines/supplements, make sure all your healthcare providers know about all of your medical conditions and treatments. 5 Science-Based Benefits of 5-HTP (Plus Dosage and Side Effects), The 15 Best Vitamin Brands of 2023: A Dietitians Picks, Red Raspberry Leaf Tea: Pregnancy, Benefits, and Side Effects. Even though it's just a food, flaxseed oil may not mix well with certain health conditions or medications. J Diet Suppl 2011;8:257-65. Anticancer Res 1998;18:1405-8. Furthermore, some thyroid medications can interfere with vitamin D absorption or metabolism, resulting in low vitamin D levels. Flaxseed oil doesnt contain fiber like flax seeds, however. Here are 9 teas that help treat stomach problems. Though your body contains enzymes that convert ALA from flaxseed oil into EPA and DHA, your body only converts 10 to 15 percent of the ALA, says Harvard Health Publishing. A double-blind, placebo-controlled and randomized study: flaxseed vs. safflower seed. View abstract. Do not use this product without medical advice if you are breast-feeding a baby. Dietary lignan intake and postmenopausal breast cancer risk by estrogen and progesterone receptor status. Clin Nutr ESPEN. CONDITIONS OF USE AND IMPORTANT INFORMATION: This information is meant to supplement, not replace advice from your doctor or healthcare provider and is not meant to cover all possible uses, precautions, interactions or adverse effects. However, research has shown that flax may not be effective in treating this condition. Low adherence may be a contributing factor leading to uncontrolled blood pressure in patients. Jesus Olivares Demolishes a 465-Kilogram (1,025.1-Pound) Raw Squat PR. Colli MC, Bracht A, Soares AA, et al. Prasad K, Mantha SV, Muir AD, Westcott ND. 2020;19(1):8. Mount Sinai cautions against combining flaxseed oil, diabetes and certain medications that lower blood sugar. Dietary fat intake and prostate cancer risk: a case-control study in Spain. J Nutr 2008;138:938-45. You may report side effects to FDA at 1-800-FDA-1088. View abstract. Curr Probl Cardiol 2022;47(7):100931. View abstract. This copyrighted material is provided by Natural Medicines Comprehensive Database Consumer Version. You may also consider consulting a practitioner who is trained in the use of herbal/health supplements. Rhee Y, Brunt A. Flaxseed supplementation improved insulin resistance in obese glucose intolerant people: a randomized crossover design. View abstract. Eur J Clin Nutr 2007;61:1423-8. Do not use extra flax to make up the missed dose. Low vitamin D levels have been associated with a higher likelihood of thyroid disease. View abstract. Atherosclerosis 1998;136:367-75. It may take 1 to 3 days before this medication starts working. J Natl Cancer Inst 1993;85:1571-9. Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, Manno M, et al. Our experts continually monitor the health and wellness space, and we update our articles when new information becomes available. those that regulate blood sugar, including. The effectiveness of your oral contraceptives or hormonal therapy may also be affected by flaxseed meal consumption. Dietary phytoestrogen intake is associated with reduced colorectal cancer risk. Selected from data included with permission and copyrighted by First Databank, Inc. Epiandrosterone . A randomized controlled trial of the effects of flaxseed lignan complex on metabolic syndrome composite score and bone mineral in older adults. (2008). Plasma enterolignan concentrations and colorectal cancer risk in a nested case-control study. However, because antibiotics kill these bacteria, lignans might not be formed as usual. This article explores 6 potential health benefits of flaxseed oil, plus how to use it. We'll take a look at just what makes hemp oil beneficial and which conditions may improve from. View abstract. 4. Br J Nutr. Dietary lignans and postmenopausal breast cancer risk by oestrogen receptor status: a prospective cohort study of Swedish women. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006;15:1132-6. There is a chance you may have an allergy to flax seeds and flaxseed oil. Although not all side effects are known, flax is thought to be likely safe for most people when taken by mouth. Cotterchio M, Boucher BA, Kreiger N, et al. Cabbage - Sulconazole. ", Kardiologia Polska: "Linseed Oil Increases HDL3 Cholesterol and Decreases Blood Pressure in Patients Diagnosed With Mild Hypercholesterolaemia", Phytotherapy Research: "A Comparison Between the Effects of Flaxseed Oil and Fish Oil Supplementation on Cardiovascular Health in Type 2 Diabetic Patients With Coronary Heart Disease: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Trial", U.S. National Library of Medicine: "Warfarin". Thompson LU, Chen JM, Li T, et al. those that alter your blood flow and bleeding, including: some nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, like ibuprofen and naproxen. This might alter the effects of flaxseed. Sign up for free, and stay up to date on research advancements, health tips and current health topics, like COVID-19, plus expertise on managing health. View abstract. You should stop consuming these seeds, if you notice any itching, swelling, redness, or hives. View abstract. View abstract. 2020;152:104622. The easiest way to lookup drug information, identify pills, check interactions and set up your own personal medication records. Flaxseed and prostate cancer risk. You may also want to be careful combining flaxseed oil and warfarin, which is a blood-thinning medication that prevents the formation of blood clots. Do not use more of this product than is recommended on the label. Learn how we can help 3.9k views Reviewed >2 years ago Thank Dr. John Munshower and 4 doctors agree 1 thank Yes, several popular herbal supplements can impact the effectiveness of apixaban (Eliquis), rivaroxaban (Xarelto), betrixaban (Bevyxxa), and other anticoagulant drugs (blood-thinners) classified as direct factor Xa inhibitors. 2019;73(2):258-265. Pilot study of dietary fat restriction and flaxseed supplementation in men with prostate cancer before surgery: exploring the effects on hormonal levels, prostate-specific antigen, and histopathologic features. Anticoagulant and anti-platelet drugs, herbs and supplements. Saw palmetto Saw palmetto might make your risk of bleeding higher if you also take a blood thinner, such as: Aspirin Clopidogrel Warfarin St. John's wort Dietary alpha-linolenic acid is associated with reduced risk of fatal coronary heart disease, but increased prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis. This article discusses how much fish oil you should, Serotonin-producing 5-HTP supplements have become increasingly popular for their variety of health benefits. https://naturalmedicines.therapeuticresearch.com. Oncology Nutrition advises that you should discuss the use of flax seeds with your doctor and avoid the use of flaxseed oil altogether because it provides no benefit to those with prostate cancer. 2018 Feb 1;76(2):125-39. Possible side effects include: Diarrhea and loose stools Worsening constipation 1 These side effects can be minimized by taking flaxseed oil with plenty of water and by taking it at recommended doses. does flaxseed interfere with blood pressure medication Master, I m hungry. Brooks JD, Ward WE, Lewis JE, et al. Learn about the medical uses, claims, and side effects of flaxseed. Flaxseed oil doesnt have as many benefits as other omega-3 sources like fish, fish oil, and flax in its seed form. Fish oil may be a better and safer choice. Verheus M, van Gils CH, Keinan-Boker L, et al. Consult your healthcare professional (e.g., doctor or pharmacist). Dont take flaxseed oil or flax seeds in pregnancy or while breastfeeding. 2015;145:758. The efficacy of flaxseed and hesperidin on non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: an open-labeled randomized controlled trial. View abstract. Alpha-linolenic acid in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. View abstract. There is some concern that it might interfere with the body's ability to absorb medications taken by mouth because it might sweep them out of the digestive tract too quickly. Dietary flaxseed alters tumor biological markers in postmenopausal breast cancer. 2020;29(1):61-67. View abstract. Ultimately, if flaxseed is to blame, an upped dosage of levothyroxine medication is probably needed going further. Menopause 2012;19:48-53. A prospective study of dietary fat and risk of prostate cancer. Therefore, the quality and contents of flaxseed oil arent regulated and standardized. Pilot study to explore effects of low-fat, flaxseed-supplemented diet on proliferation of benign prostatic epithelium and prostate-specific antigen. Hypertension. Flaxseed - More Interactions. Hemodial Int. This material is provided for educational purposes only and is not intended for medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. What Are the Benefits of Flaxseed Oil Pills? View abstract. Flaxseed might make these estrogen-containing drugs less effective. View abstract. View abstract. View abstract. Lignans and flavonoids inhibit aromatase enzyme in human preadipocytes. Allergol Immunopathol (Madr) 2003;31:47-9. . View abstract. Flaxseed oil might lower blood pressure. You should use these products with caution. National Institutes of Health: Office of Dietary Supplements: "Omega-3 Fatty Acids", Journal of Food Science and Technology: "Flax and Flaxseed Oil: An Ancient Medicine & Modern Functional Food", Harvard T.H. Taking flaxseed by mouth seems to help reduce, Breast pain (mastalgia). View abstract. Possible interactions include: . Nordstrom DC, Honkanen VE, Nasu Y, et al. J Nutr 2010;140:1937-42. Flaxseed oil may cause complications with women who are pregnant because of its ability to affect hormones. Morshedzadeh N, Rahimlou M, Shahrokh S, Karimi S, Mirmiran P, Zali MR. Even though the nutritional profile of flaxseeds may be useful for improving the function of the Thyroid, it is important to consider that there is also one particular concerning the fact that need to be taken into account. Hadi A, Askarpour M, Salamat S, Ghaedi E, Symonds ME, Miraghajani M. Effect of flaxseed supplementation on lipid profile: An updated systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of sixty-two randomized controlled trials. Allman, M. A., Pena, M. M., and Pang, D. Supplementation with flaxseed oil versus sunflowerseed oil in healthy young men consuming a low fat diet: effects on platelet composition and function. Bloedon LT, Balikai S, Chittams J, et al. Flaxseed interacts with 583 drugs . View abstract. Am J Clin Nutr 1999;69:395-402. Urology 2004;63:900-4.. View abstract. Mayo Clinic is a nonprofit organization and proceeds from Web advertising help support our mission. View abstract. Anaphylaxis caused by flaxseed. Certain herbal supplements, such as St. John's wort, may decrease blood levels of some statin drugs, and when taken with atorvastatin, may . Dietary intake of n-3 and n-6 fatty acids and the risk of prostate cancer. Obstet Gynecol 2002;100:495-504.. View abstract. Polypodium Leucotomos - Inotersen. Because of the potential for flaxseed oil side effects and drug interactions, you should talk to your primary care provider before regularly supplementing your diet with the plant oil. Does Flaxseed Interfere With Cholesterol Medication? Obes Rve. Br J Nutr 1993;69:443-53. Grapefruit and their products contain a natural chemical that interfere with the break down of certain medications, such as simvastatin and atorvastatin. How fast does psyllium work? View abstract. J Natl Cancer Inst 2007;99:475-86. Herb-Drug Interactions Milk thistle is an inhibitor . Sometimes flax seed will interfere with the absorption of other medications. WebMD does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. View abstract. The effects of dietary flaxseed on cardiac arrhythmias and claudication in patients with peripheral arterial disease (1). Other drugs may interact with flax, including prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, and herbal products. (2013). Khalatbari Soltani S, Jamaluddin R, Tabibi H, Mohd Yusof BN, Atabak S, Loh SP, Rahmani L. Effects of flaxseed consumption on systemic inflammation and serum lipid profile in hemodialysis patients with lipid abnormalities. Some medications that may interact with flaxseed oil negatively include: You should consult your doctor before using flaxseed oil if you have: Pregnant and nursing women should avoid the use of flaxseed oil. Leitzmann MF, Stampfer MJ, Michaud DS, et al. View abstract. Chen J, Power KA, Mann J, et al. Flaxseed might lower blood sugar levels. Our website services, content, and products are for informational purposes only. Flaxseed and flaxseed oil (Linum usitatissimum). Int J Vitam Nutr Res. View abstract. Learn about the medical uses, claims, and side effects of flaxseed. Yang C, Xia H, Wan M, et al. Answer: Method 1 of 2:Taking Flaxseed Oil It is important to ask your doctor about adding flaxseed oil to your diet, especially if you are taking certain medications. Brand names: Flax Seed Oil, Flax Oil But what you might not realize is that flaxseed contains very large amounts of lignans and phytoestrogens, making it one of the most estrogenic foods around. You may be eager to find a supplement to boost the omega-3 fatty acids in your body. Common interactions include arthralgia among females and diarrhoea among males. Certain antibioticsspecifically quinolone antibiotics (like Cipro) and tetracycline antibiotics (like Achromycin and Sumycin)interact with zinc in the gastrointestinal tract and don't allow the. Urinary lignan and isoflavonoid excretion in premenopausal women consuming flaxseed powder. Suzuki R, Rylander-Rudqvist T, Saji S, et al. Tell each of your healthcare providers about all your medical conditions, allergies, and all medicines you use. Reprod Toxicol 2007;23:397-406. Barre DE, et al. Before breakfast and before dinner. Flaxseed oil as a dietary supplement is not regulated by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration. Read more: 17 Reasons Why You Probably Need More Omega-3s in Your Diet. information submitted for this request. Skip the missed dose if it is almost time for your next scheduled dose. Flaxseed consumption reduces blood pressure in patients with hypertension by altering circulating oxylipins via an a-linolenic acid-induced inhibition of soluble epoxide hydrolase. Learn about the medical uses, claims, and side effects of flaxseed. Bloedon LT, Szapary PO. Hashempur MH, Homayouni K, Ashraf A, Salehi A, Taghizadeh M, Heydari M. Effect of Linum usitatissimum L. (linseed) oil on mild and moderate carpal tunnel syndrome: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled clinical trial. Koizumi Y, Arai H, Nagase H, Kano S, Tachizawa N, Sagawa T, Yamaguchi M, Ohta K. [Case report: anaphylaxis caused by linseed included in baked bread]. Eating a flaxseed muffin daily for 3 months or taking flaxseed powder by mouth daily for 2 months seems to reduce breast pain that occurs at the start of the, Obesity. J Med Food 2008;11:207-14. View abstract. Toulabi T, Yarahmadi M, Goudarzi F, Ebrahimzadeh F, Momenizadeh A, Yarahmadi S. Effects of flaxseed on blood pressure, body mass index, and total cholesterol in hypertensive patients: A randomized clinical trial. This content does not have an Arabic version. Diclofenac (Voltaren, Cataflam, Voltaren-XR, Cambia) is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory medication prescribed to treat inflammation and pain caused by conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis, osteoarthritis, ankylosing spondylitis, tendinitis, bursitis, and menstrual cramps. Use this medication regularly to get the most benefit from it. Consult your healthcare professional (e.g., doctor or pharmacist) for more in formation. Flaxseed is also taken by mouth for acne, attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), kidney problems in people with a disease called systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE), symptoms of menopause, breast pain, diabetes, obesity and weight loss, HIV/AIDS, depression, malaria, rheumatoid arthritis, sore throat, upper respiratory tract infections Refrigerated flaxseed should be used within 30 days of being ground, and frozen flaxseed should be used within 45 days of storing. Bongartz U, Hochmann U, Grube B, et al. Am J Epidemiol 2008;167:734-42. https://nccih.nih.gov/health/flaxseed/ataglance.htm. Flaxseed is used for constipation, diabetes, high cholesterol, obesity, and swelling of the kidneys in people with lupus. Cancer Lett 2000;161:47-55. Bodybuilder Darwin Uribe Will Withdraw From 2023 Arnold Classic. These medications are not usually taken together. Dietary flaxseed enhances the inhibitory effect of tamoxifen on the growth of estrogen-dependent human breast cancer (mcf-7) in nude mice. However, a high intake of. (2014). The effect of flaxseed and wheat bran consumption on urinary estrogen metabolites in premenopausal women. View abstract. There is a problem with Laaksonen DE, Laukkanen JA, Niskanen L, et al. The phase IV clinical study analyzes what interactions people who take Flaxseed and Anastrozole have. View abstract. Flaxseed in lupus nephritis: a two-year nonplacebo-controlled crossover study. Int J Cancer 2006;119:2376-81. Furthermore, some blood thinners, NSAID pain killers, hormone treatments, and certain medications for blood pressure, cholesterol, and diabetes may interact with flaxseed oil and flaxseed. View abstract. Dietary flaxseed independently lowers circulating cholesterol and lowers it beyond the effects of cholesterol-lowering medications alone in patients with peripheral artery disease. Effects of flaxseed supplements on blood pressure: a systematic review and meta-analysis of controlled clinical trial. Eur J Clin Nutr. View abstract. Tell each of your health care providers about all medicines you use now and any medicine you start or stop using. Flaxseed oil is available in liquid and capsule form. You can learn more about how we ensure our content is accurate and current by reading our. Nitrates, such as nitroglycerin (Nitrostat, Nitro-Dur, others) and isosorbide (Isordil, Bidil) Digoxin Licorice The herb licorice may lower warfarin levels and can add to digoxin's effects. Some vitamins and supplements can interfere with blood-thinning blood pressure drugs, Dr. Glatter says. Teas have been used as a natural remedy to soothe stomach upset for thousands of years. 3 Are there some individuals who should not take black seed oil? Drugs.com provides accurate and independent information on more than 24,000 prescription drugs, over-the-counter medicines and natural products. The effect of flaxseed supplementation on body weight and ody composition: a systematic review and meta-analysis of 45 randomized placebo-controlled trials. View abstract. Finnegan YE, Minihane AM, Leigh-Firbank EC, et al. Eur.J Clin.Nutr. Discuss with your doctor the benefits of flaxseed oil for your health before trying it out. You may opt-out of email communications at any time by clicking on Nutr Cancer 1999;33:188-95. Flaxseed is high in soluble fiber and in lignans, which contain phytoestrogens. View abstract. Moderate to vigorous physical activity, particularly aerobic exercise, has been shown to be associated with lower risk of bone fractures in women being treated with aromatase inhibitors. Similar to any other medication, Trulicity (dulaglutide) may interact with certain drugs or health conditions. View abstract. This is one of the more common food-drug reactions. Complement Ther Med. However, whether flaxseed oil benefits your health is still under debate, according to the National Center for Complementary and Integrative Health (NCCIH). Flaxseeds are a good source of. Rodriguez-Leyva D, Weighell W, Edel AL, LaVallee R, Dibrov E, Pinneker R, Maddaford TG, Ramjiawan B, Aliani M, Guzman R, Pierce GN. de Deckere EAM, Korver O, Verschuren PM, Katan MB. It might compete with drugs that contain estrogen. View abstract. Medically reviewed by Drugs.com on Jul 25, 2022. Cockerell KM, Watkins AS, Reeves LB, et al. View abstract. Clark WF, Kortas C, Heidenheim P, et al. J Hum Nutr Diet 2012;25:435-43. [3] . 1998-2023 Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research (MFMER). 2019;29:41-48. Pharmacol Res. Health aspects of partially defatted flaxseed, including effects on serum lipids, oxidative measures, and ex vivo androgen and progestin activity: a controlled, crossover trial. Clin Cancer Res 2004;10:7703-11. Accessed Sept. 27, 2017. privacy practices. View abstract. However, NCCIH says the evidence that flaxseed oil has health benefits is conflicting, and more research is needed before claims can be made. These medications may cause some risk when taken together. According to WebMD, "Research suggests that plant omega-3s help the cardiovascular system through several different mechanisms, including anti-inflammatory action and normalizing the heartbeat. 2017 Sepl18(9):1096-1107. View abstract. Hypertension. Use caution when adding flaxseed oil to your diet or using it as a supplement. 1995;49(3):169-178. Ramon JM, Bou R, Romea S, et al. Flaxseed Mucilage (IQP-LU-104) Reduces Body Weight in Overweight and Moderately Obese Individuals in a 12-week, Three-arm, Double-blind, Randomized and Placebo-controlled Clinical Study. Taylor, C. G., Noto, A. D., Stringer, D. M., Froese, S., and Malcolmson, L. Dietary milled flaxseed and flaxseed oil improve N-3 fatty acid status and do not affect glycemic control in individuals with well-controlled type 2 diabetes. J Nutr. Research investigating the health benefits of flaxseed oil, however, show some promise for the plant oil. Bierenbaum ML, Reichstein R, Watkins TR. Journal of Nutrition.
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