nervous tissue histology ppt

An important part of the function of neurons is in their structure or shape. One or more cell processes may also be seen emerging from the neuronal perikaryon. Ongoing research pursues an expanded role that glial cells might play in signaling, but neurons are still considered the basis of this function. The dorsal nucleus of Clarke slide 066a View Image is in the dorsal horn and contains relatively large, multipolar neurons that receive proprioceptive information from dorsal root ganglion cells that are innervated by muscle spindles in the trunk and lower limb. NERVOUS TISSUE Nervous tissue consists of two groups of cell types: Nerve cells (Neurons) Neuroglia. At a histological level, both the heart and blood vessels consist of three layers: The myocardium is formed by striated cardiac muscle cells (cardiomyocytes). Uploaded on Jun 06, 2013 Elina + Follow cuboidal epithelium water loss Author: Histology of Nervous Tissue PROF. DR. FAUZIAH OTHMAN DEPT OF HUMAN ANATOMY 2 Feature of nerves tissue Type of cell neuron neuroglia General feature of neuron Type of neuroglia astrocyte, oligodendrocyte, ependymal cell, microglia Synapses Myelin formation function General structure of peripheral nerves Ganglia dorsal root ganglia autonomic ganglia The ependymal cell is a glial cell that filters blood to make cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the fluid that circulates through the CNS. Most substances that cross the wall of a blood vessel into the CNS must do so through an active transport process. Additional sub-classifications are possible, based on the cell specializations. The cells here arepreganglionic sympathetic neurons whose axons terminate in either sympathetic chain ganglia or the "visceral" (or "pre-aortic") ganglia associated with the major branches of the abdominal aorta (e.g. Some sources describe a fourth type of neuron, called an anaxonic neuron. Interstitial cells produce testosterone, a hormone that regulates spermatogenesis. The axon projects from the dendrite endings, past the cell body in a ganglion, and into the central nervous system. Two nodes of Ranvier are circled in Figure 9 below. The name suggests that it has no axon (an- = without), but this is not accurate. The ventral spinal cord. Pharmaceutical companies are challenged to design drugs that can cross the BBB as well as have an effect on the nervous system. Muscle attaches to bone via tendons; bundles of dense regular connective tissue made out of many collagen type I fibers. Cardiomyocytes contain actin and myosin filaments just like other muscle cells, but they have some special structural and functional properties. The nasal cavity contains specialized olfactory epithelium, providing the sense of smell. Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 4. Diffuse lymphoid tissues and lymphatic nodules are non-encapsulated accumulations of lymphoid tissue found in locations such as the alimentary, respiratory and genitourinary tracts. Grey matter is composed mainly of unmyelinated cell bodies and dendrites, and appears grey in color. Slide 66a View Virtual Slide shows a section of thoracic spinal cord. Histological inspection reveals that each nerve fibre is actually composed of a large number of axons whose cell bodies reside in central or peripheral ganglia, the spinal cord or the brain. This accounts for the name, based on their appearance under the microscope. - PowerPoint PPT presentation Number of Views: 2727 Avg rating:3.0/5.0 Slides: 14 Provided by: apbrwww5A Category: Tags: histology | nervous | tissue less Four of them are found in the CNS and two are found in the PNS. Thus, in the 'white matter' of the brain and spinal cord, myelinated axons are the predominant neuronal cell component and most of the the nuclei that you see in white matter are primarily of glial cells. Did you know that the only thing preventing all the water in your body from leaking out through your skin are the tight junctions between the keratinocytes? Many types of glial cells require special histological stains and cant be unambiguously identified in regular H&E-stained histological slides. The cells of Clarke's nucleus then relay this information via axonal projections that extend all the way up into the cerebellum (hence the reason why the cells are so large) where it is processed to allow for coordinated movement. In the above image, we can observe only the relatively large, triangular-shaped cell bodies of the pyramidal cells with clearly visible nuclei, parts of the dendrites, and the beginnings of axons. Sensory reception is a peripheral function (those dendrites are in the periphery, perhaps in the skin) so the cell body is in the periphery, though closer to the CNS in a ganglion. They are responsible for the computation and communication that the nervous system provides. Do you know why some structures stain blue (basophilic) and others pink (eosinophilic)? The CNS contains the brain and spinal cord. It is made up of gray matter and white matter. Unlike the highly organized cerebellar cortex, the cerebral cortex appears to be less well-organized when viewed with the light microscope. The perikarya of large somatic motor neurons slide 065-2 View Image located in the ventral horn of the cord innervate the skeletal muscles of the limbs and trunk, which are embryologically derived from somites (hence, somatic muscles). I would honestly say that Kenhub cut my study time in half. Hair follicles are invaginations of the epidermis that contain rapidly proliferating and keratinizing cells responsible for the production and growth of hair. Here you will see the Purkinje cell bodies slide 077 View Image. Health Information Technology & Services. Because of this, only specific types of molecules can enter the CNS. Work for the lab This website is a great way to view the tissues. Your donation will enable us to update all existingSecondLook resources and to transform them into completely free Progressive Web Applications (PWA), including theSecondLookHistology apps. The three-dimensional shape of these cells makes the immense numbers of connections within the nervous system possible. Organelles can be membranous (mitochondria, Golgi apparatus, endoplasmic reticulum) or non-membranous (ribosomes, nucleolus, centrioles). In general, where in the brain can grey matter be found? Each organ of the digestive system has properties that make it specialized for its role in the digestion, absorption and excretion of food. Ana 211 (Histology of Nervous tissue).pptx sunday godwin obaje Read Now Download Free PDF Related Papers Cancer Registry Report 2000 2002 Robina Greaves Download Free PDF View PDF Identification of OTX2 as a Medulloblastoma Oncogene Whose Product can be Targeted by All-Trans Retinoic Acid Timothy Parrett Download Free PDF View PDF Where the axon emerges from the cell body, there is a special region referred to as the axon hillock. Since tissues are relatively colorless, the magnifying properties of the optic microscope are not sufficient for proper visualization of a specimen; therefore staining techniques described above are coupled with optic microscopy. The epithelial lining of the uterine tube and uterus play important roles in the transportation and implantation of a fertilized ovum (zygote). Name this exception. Glucosethe primary energy sourceis allowed, as are amino acids. Different regions of the nervous system have distinct histological characteristics that make them easily recognizable, under the microscope. They are considered part of the mononuclear phagocytic system and will proliferate and become actively phagocytic in regions of injury and/or inflammation. The most common technique used is the hematoxylin and eosin (H&E) stain. The organization and morphology of the cells shown is found ONLY in the ventral spinal cord. Body tissues are collections of cells, grouped in the body according to structure and function. Tissues are routinely visualised using microscopy. Calcific bodies are present in the choroid plexus, another common site of accumulation as the years pass. Tissues join together in different arrangements to form our body organs. The dermis is a layer of connective tissue that contains collagen fibers, blood vessels, lymphatics and nerve endings. The layers of the blood-air barrier comprise of type I pneumocytes, basement membrane and endothelial cells of the capillaries. In these slides, dorsal happens to be "up," but you should be able to tell dorsal and ventral horns based on morphology and the cells present rather than the orientation. Histology. These bulbs are what make the connection with the target cell at the synapse. One cell providing support to neurons of the CNS is the astrocyte, so named because it appears to be star-shaped under the microscope (astro- = star). It is categorised as skeletal, cardiac or smooth. Nails are plates of proliferating keratinized cells that, similar to hair, contain hard keratin. Also note these columnar cells lining the ventricles of the brain. Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone. Test yourself on cardiac muscle tissue with the following quiz. The dendrites receive neural input from other neurons viasynapses (or they are specialized to receive sensory stimuli), and they transmit neural information toward the perikaryon (Law of Dynamic Polarization). Nutrient molecules, such as glucose or amino acids, can pass through the BBB, but other molecules cannot. Generally, they are supporting cells for the neurons in the central nervous system. In general, the brain is composed of an exterior layer of grey matter covering internal areas of white matter, with another internal layer of grey matter in the deepest part of the brain (called the basal nuclei). The PNS is all neural tissue outside of the CNS, i.e. As the name implies, the cell body is shaped somewhat like a pyramid, with a large, branching dendrite extending from the apex of the pyramid toward the cortical surface, and with an axon extending downward from the base of the pyramid. Astrocytes - Technically, the junctions between endothelial cells constitute the actual "barrier." The only freely mobile joints are synovial joints, in which adjacent joint surfaces are covered with hyaline cartilage, a soft type of cartilage rich in glycoproteins, proteoglycans and type II collagen. But most everything else cannot, including white blood cells, which are one of the bodys main lines of defense. There are more tissues on the website than you are responsible for. Junquieras Basic Histology (13th ed.). A unity of tissues with a more complex set of functions, defined by the combination of structure and function of the comprising tissues. Some cutting edge research suggests that certain neurons in the CNS do not conform to the standard model of one, and only one axon. Kim Bengochea, Regis University, Denver. Histologically, although there are a few exceptions, endocrine cells generally have an epithelial origin. Histology: An overview: want to learn more about it? Nervous tissue is made of cells (neurons and glial cells) and extracellular matrix. The small gap in the myelin sheath that occurs between adjacent Schwann cells is called a node of Ranvier. Young, B., Woodford, P., ODowd, G., & Wheater, P. R. (2014). The lateral extension of the ventral horn slide 065-2 contains relatively large, multipolar visceral motor neurons of the intermediolateral cell column that extends from levels T1 through L2 of the spinal cord. This is done by the use of a complementary nucleotide probe, which contains a radioactive or fluorescent label. It is named after the anatomist who discovered it (Jan Evangilista Purkinje, 17871869). Slide 077 20XCerebellum white and grey matter H&E View Virtual Slide, Slide 077 40XCerebellum molecular layer, Purkinje cell bodies H&E View Virtual Slide, Slide 077a Cerebellum luxol blue cross View Virtual Slide. Together these organs provide the ability of reproduction and sexual intercourse. Histology - Histology. Chapter 12Nervous Tissue. Specialized connective tissue includes the blood, reticular, cartilage, bone and adipose tissue. A group of neuronal cell bodies is called a nucleus in the brain or spinal cord, and a ganglion in the PNS. Ongoing research into these cells, although not entirely conclusive, suggests that they may originate as white blood cells, called macrophages, that become part of the CNS during early development. These hormones regulate a variety of processes, such as metabolism, growth and blood pressure. Use the virtual slide of the hippocampal region to study the ependymal cell lining of the choroid plexus. Nervous tissue. T and B lymphocytes are born and raised in the thymus and bone marrow, respectively. They are large, easily distinguishable, and have an extensive dendritic tree that is not visible in typical histology. The proteins are then exposed to labeled artificial antibodies that bind to the protein of interest and catalyse a chemiluminescent reaction, in which light is emitted as a result of a chemical reaction allowing visualization of the protein. The PNS encompasses all nervous tissue outside of bony structures, and includes all peripheral and cranial nerves, plexuses, and ganglia. In terms of clinical significance, the pyramidal cells of the hippocampus are particularly vulnerable to damage in severe circulatory failure and by anoxia of persistent severe seizures. Any size contribution is welcomed and will help us to provide these popular review tools to students at the University of Michigan and to many more worldwide. Aspects of peripheral nerve embryology and clinically . Adjacent to the neuron, note myelinated axons of various sizes and also that there are no spaces between cell processes. Histology Complete and Basic Tissues. Learn more about the histology of the upper and lower digestive tract. Chapter 1 The Cell Chapter 2 Epithelium Chapter 3 Connective Tissue Chapter 4 Muscle Chapter 5 Cartilage and Bone Chapter 6 Nervous Tissue Chapter 7 Peripheral Blood Chapter 8 Hematopoiesis Organ Systems Myelin is lipid-rich, and on gross inspection appears white. A group of organs united by similar functions. This is because the liver, among many other things, is the major detoxifying machine of the body. White matter consists of myelinated axons. It has a similar role as the nervous system, working in tandem with it to maintain homeostasis of the body. Other staining techniques such as Masson trichrome, alcian blue, reticulin stain and others are sometimes used to demonstrate specific tissue components not seen on a H&E stain. Oligodendrocytes have processes that reach out to multiple axon segments, whereas the entire Schwann cell surrounds just one axon segment. The neuron is the structural and functional/electrically excitable unit of the nervous system Nervous system The nervous system is a small and complex system that consists of an intricate network of neural cells (or neurons) and even more glial cells (for support and insulation). During development, the glial cell is loosely or incompletely wrapped around the axon (Figure 6). Nicola McLaren MSc In addition to pyramidal cells, other nuclei seen in these sections may belong to other neurons or to glial cells also present in the cortex. Structure of a Neuron. Each one reaches out and surrounds an axon to insulate it in myelin. Lastly, the specimen is stained with hematoxylin and eosin dyes. The ECM contains different protein fibers (collagen, reticular, elastic) embedded in ground substance. The choroid plexus is a specialized structure in the ventricles where ependymal cells come in contact with blood vessels and filter and absorb components of the blood to produce cerebrospinal fluid. This nerve was additionally stained with osmium and the membranes of myelin are visible as dark rings. For now, focus just on the morphology of these regions and observe the presence of three distinct layers rather than the six layers found in the cerebral cortex (evolutionarily speaking, the three-layered organization is considered to be "older," so this type of cortex is also known as "archicortex" whereas the "newer" six-layered cerebral cortex is "neocortex"). 2023 DNA is condensed and coiled up into chromosomes. Therefore, the purkinje cell somewhat resembles a shrub or coral in shape. Cells are the tiny living units that form the tissues, organs and structures within the body. Thus are essential for maintaining homeostasis of the body. The tissues of the nervous system can also be divided into grey matter and white matter. The kidneys clear waste products and control plasma pH, electrolytes and extracellular fluid volume. They are considered to be supporting cells, and many functions are directed at helping neurons complete their function for communication. They are responsible for the computation and . Human unipolar cells have an axon that emerges from the cell body, but it splits so that the axon can extend along a very long distance. The study of. Neurons are specialized cells that contain a body (soma) and one or more processes (dendrites, axons). The spinal cord contains a butterfly-shaped area of grey matter surrounded by an outer layer of white matter. Histology (6th ed.). - A free PowerPoint PPT presentation (displayed as an HTML5 slide show) on PowerShow.com - id: 4617df-OTVjO There are many neurons in the nervous systema number in the trillions. Click on the tissue and observe. Review the organization of gray and white matter in cerebral cortex vs. spinal cord. Using only histological evidence, could you determine from where in the nervous system a sample of tissue was taken? It consists of a few cells and an abundance of extracellular matrix. Due the nature of histological sampling, it is impossible to see the entirety of a three-foot-long neuron on a single slide. Axon diameters can be as small as 1 to 20 micrometers. Oligodendrocytes (another type of glial cell) are responsible for the myelination of CNS axons. Table 2 outlines some common characteristics and functions. Neurons in the dorsal horn are essentially interneurons that project to other regions of the CNS (e.g., motor neurons in the spinal cord or sensory input to the brain), so they have much smaller overall volume and therefore much less metabolic demand compared to motor neurons which project to target muscles that may be more than a meter away. Reading time: 28 minutes. The nervous system can be organized in several different ways. Once urine is formed from the ultrafiltrate, it travels through the excretory pathway of tubes, all of which are lined by transitional epithelium with the exception of some parts of the urethra. White mater 4. Register now Describe the organization and understand some of the basic functions of regions of the: Observe the 3-layered organization of the, Outer plexiform (molecular) layer: sparse neurons and glia, Outer granular layer: small pyramidal and stellate neurons, Outer pyramidal layer: moderate sized pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Inner granular layer: densely packed stellate neurons (usually the numerous processes arent visible, but there are lots of nuclei reflecting the cell density), Ganglionic orinner pyramidal layer: large pyramidal neurons (should be able to see these in either, Multiform cell layer: mixture of small pyramidal and stellate neurons. Peripheral ganglia are clusters of nerve cell bodies surrounded by a dense connective tissue capsule. These layers of myelin are many times thicker than the diameters of the axons. Depending on the type of cells present (fibroblasts, osteocytes, erythrocytes) and the ECM arrangement, connective tissue can be classified as connective tissue proper or specialized connective tissue. Friday, August 26 Under light microscopy, skeletal and cardiac muscles appear striated due to the parallel arrangement of their contractile filaments into repeating units called sarcomeres. Cerebral cortex 3. Read more. The nucleus and cytoplasm of the Schwann cell are on the edge of the myelin sheath. The delicate meshwork of dendritic processes and nerve fibers (axons) lying between cells in the gray matter is called the neuropil. Any of those processes can function as an axon depending on the conditions at any given time. By examining a thin slice of bone tissue under a microscope, colorized with special staining techniques, you see that these seemingly simple bones are actually a complex microworld containing an array of structures with various different functions. Human anatomy is pretty straightforward. One is the axon and one the dendrite, forming a straight line. Neurons are important, but without glial support they would not be able to perform their function. When responding to a foreign threat, immune system cells can activate non-specific inflammation or progress to a specific immune response. Lymphatic vessels drain lymph (interstitial fluid) from all the extracellular spaces in the body. Information flows through a neuron from the dendrites, across the cell body, and down the axon. Title: PowerPoint Presentation Author: Jennifer Ann Jost Last modified by: Jeff Keyte Created Date: 10/29/2003 10:25:53 PM Document presentation . Name thefunction of the cell marked by the black arrow. Muscle tissue maintains synthesizing and contractile functions. Lining ventricles of the brain, creating CSF. Satellite cells are found in sensory and autonomic ganglia, where they surround the cell bodies of neurons. Based on their functional properties, these are described as either voluntary (skeletal) or involuntary (cardiac and smooth muscle). As cells are generally colourless, they need to be stained so that they can be easily viewed under the microscope. Cells are categorized into various types, all of which perform different functions. Both will appear grey to the naked eye and under the microscope, due to their lack of myelin. The membrane wrapped around the fascicle is called an endoneurium and is made of the loose reticular connective tissue. ("3" in the orientation figure) a molecular layer containing dendrites of the pyramidal cells. What anatomical feature explains this phenomenon? One oligodendrocyte will provide the myelin for multiple axon segments, either for the same axon or for separate axons. It consists of neurons and supporting cells called neuroglia. Bipolar cells are not very common. The ovary is actually an organ homologous to the male testis, it gives rise to the gametes (ova) and steroid hormones (estrogen, progesterone). It is related to both the circulatory system and the immune system. Be sure you identify the white matter in bothluxol blue-stainedslide 076View ImageandTB&E-stained#076bView Imagesections, as it will appear differently in these two stains.

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