Started in 1943, the ENIAC computing system was built by John Mauchly and J. Presper Eckert at the Moore School of Electrical Engineering of the University of Pennsylvania. One major advance in programming was Wilkes' use of a library of short programs, called subroutines, stored on punched paper tapes and used for performing common repetitive calculations within a lager program. A series of pulleys transported continuous rolls of punched paper tape containing possible solutions to a particular code. Microcomputer Applications - Quiz 1. The TX-0 (Transistor eXperimental - 0) is the first general-purpose programmable computer built with transistors. Which instructional software function would probably be the most appropriate choice for allowing students to discover rules for genetics? true. The Librascope division of defense contractor General Precision buys Frankels design, renaming it the LGP-30 in 1956. There is an inconsistency between states in the classification of ELL students. Produce results (output) 4. All three PowerBooks introduced featured a built-in trackball, internal floppy drive, and palm rests, which would eventually become typical of 1990s laptop design. assist teachers in preparing student IEPs What software is useful to illustrate a numerical concept such as the difference between electoral votes and popular votes? The first advertisement for a microprocessor, the Intel 4004, appears in Electronic News. The EDSAC project was led by Cambridge professor and director of the Cambridge Computation Laboratory, Maurice Wilkes. The PowerBook 170 was the high-end model, featuring an active matrix display, faster processor, as well as a floating point unit. The Macintosh Portable was heavy, weighing sixteen pounds, and expensive (US$6,500). What is a prominent research finding regarding students who engage in computer programming activities? Columbia was used in space vehicle analysis, including studying the Columbia disaster, but also in astrophysics, weather and ocean modeling. This type of computer is useful in performing many of the mathematical equations scientists and engineers encounter in their work. Each processor had its own small memory linked with others through a flexible network that users altered by reprogramming rather than rewiring. The touchscreen enabled smartphone also had built-in GPS navigation, high-definition camera, texting, calendar, voice dictation, and weather reports. Originally a Cray XT3 system, the Jaguar is a massively parallel supercomputer at Oak Ridge National Laboratory, a US science and energy research facility. Which of the following is not a file format in which audio-video files can be imported from a source and stored in a computer? The PowerBook line of computers was discontinued in 2006. There are many stand-alone utility programs available as an alternative to the operating system'sutility programs. The 2200 used a built-in CRT, cassette tape for storage, and ran the programming language BASIC. The architecture that allowed Windows and IBM OS/2 has remained in subsequent chips. It performed 2 million instructions per second, but other RISC-based computers worked significantly faster. Astronauts communicated with the computer by punching two-digit codes into the display and keyboard unit (DSKY). Built by IBM using their Blue Gene/Q supercomputer architecture, the Sequoia system is the world's fastest supercomputer in 2012. Introduced at the Altair Convention in Albuquerque in March 1976, the visual display module enabled the use of personal computers for interactive games. Students included future computing pioneers such as Maurice Wilkes, Claude Shannon, David Rees, and Jay Forrester. A full-scale working replica of the ABC was completed in 1997, proving that the ABC machine functioned as Atanasoff had claimed. Tracks on the drum did the mathematical integration. The Micral N was the first in the series and was produced by the company R2E. The Apple II, one of the first commercially successful microcomputers, was debuted at the inaugural show of which annual computer industry conference? System/360 is a major event in the history of computing. Reaching 32 gigaflops (32 billion floating point operations per second), Intels Touchstone Delta has 512 processors operating independently, arranged in a two-dimensional communications mesh. Caltech researchers used this supercomputer prototype for projects such as real-time processing of satellite images, and for simulating molecular models in AIDS research. Apple gave away thousands of Apple IIs to school, giving a new generation their first access to personal computers. The handbook is complemented by two companion documents: Microcomputers in Transit: A Software Handbook, and Microcomputers in Ross contended that a Flexowriter -- an electrically-controlled typewriter -- connected to an MIT computer could function as a keyboard input device due to its low cost and flexibility. At the time IBM released the System/360, the company had just made the transition from discrete transistors to integrated circuits, and its major source of revenue began to move from punched card equipment to electronic computer systems. The 1101, designed by ERA but built by Remington-Rand, was intended for high-speed computing and stored 1 million bits on its magnetic drum, one of the earliest magnetic storage devices and a technology which ERA had done much to perfect in its own laboratories. Colligan, Dubinsky, Hawkins (left to right). Bruce Arthur Artwick (born January 1, 1953) [1] is an American software engineer. The MOS 6502 was introduced at a conference in San Francisco at a cost of $25, far less than comparable processors from Intel and Motorola, leading some attendees to believe that the company was perpetrating a hoax. It also included more memory and accommodated high-density 1.2-megabyte 5 1/4-inch floppy disks. Designer Thi Truong developed the computer while Philippe Kahn wrote the software. To reduce its size, the traditional hard drive was replaced with a solid-state disk, the first mass-market computer to do so. More than 50 PDP-1s were sold. What is a key technological infrastructure resource for online teaching? In 1984, Michael Dell creates PC's Limited while still a student of the University of Texas at Austin. The system was kept at NASA Ames Research Center until 2013, when it was removed to make way for two new supercomputers. The laser printer was used with PARCs Alto computer, and was commercialized as the Xerox 9700. The company sold about 200 machines, losing $500 per unit. The Motorola 68000 microprocessor exhibited a processing speed far greater than its contemporaries. and taking up a volume of less than 1 cubic foot. Japan's SoftBank introduces the first camera phone, the J-Phone J-SH04; a Sharp-manufactured digital phone with integrated camera. This keyboard design was dubbed the Butterfly. The need for such a design was lessened as laptop screens grew wider. That means if you want to get started collecting microcomputers, knowing which system to go for first can be overwhelming. The result was the Relay Interpolator, later called the Bell Labs Model II. SABRE is a joint project between American Airlines and IBM. Built by a team led by engineers Frederick Williams and Tom Kilburn, the Mark I serves as the prototype for Ferrantis first computer the Ferranti Mark 1. It was the fastest computer in the world from November 2009 to June 2010. Under the direction of engineer Dr. Paul Friedl, the Special Computer APL Machine Portable (SCAMP) personal computer prototype is developed at IBM's Los Gatos and Palo Alto, California laboratories. Using this system, the machine could work faster than any other at the time on a problem that could be parceled out among the many processors. The first commercially advertised US computer based on a microprocessor (the Intel 8008,) the Scelbi has 4 KB of internal memory and a cassette tape interface, as well as Teletype and oscilloscope interfaces. In 1983 Zojirushi introduced a rice cooker that was among the first consumer-oriented products to rely on fuzzy logic. The micro has to have a real . Applications were also highly innovative: a WYSISYG word processor known as Bravo, a paint program, a graphics editor, and email for example. For research, Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC) supplied the components, and 50 original LINCs were made. The IBM PC-RT had 1 MB of RAM, a 1.2-megabyte floppy disk drive, and a 40 MB hard drive. A special version, known as HARVEST, was developed for the US National Security Agency (NSA). The basic computer cost $28,500. Acorn's ARM RISC microprocessor is first used in the company's Archimedes computer system. The machine was expandable, with ports for cassette storage, serial interface and rudimentary networking. D. In 1940, Stibitz demonstrated the CNC at an American Mathematical Society conference held at Dartmouth College. CHAPTER 5 QUESTION 1 1. Which software tool would be helpful for preparing a newsletter? Microcomputers for Twenty-First Century Educators (Paperback, 4th ed) / Author: Lockard / Author: Abrams / Author: "Many ; 9780673524560 ; Educational resources & technology, Education, Social sciences, Books Throughout the 1960s and 70s, the ASR-33 was a popular and inexpensive choice of input and output device for minicomputers and many of the first generation of microcomputers. Which of the following is not a benefit offered by simulations? Lisa is the first commercial personal computer with a graphical user interface (GUI). Based on the Touchstone Delta computer Intel had built at Caltech, the Paragon is a parallel supercomputer that uses 2,048 (later increased to more than four thousand) Intel i860 processors. The line was discontinued in 2014. Motorola went on to create the 68000 series, which became the basis for the Apple Macintosh line of computers. It featured a 5-inch display, 64 KB of memory, a modem, and two 5.25-inch floppy disk drives. Select the power connector that is specified by the ATX Version 2.2 standard, which allows more power to the motherboard for PCI Express (PCIe) devices. Hewlett and Packard in their garage workshop. The machines existence was not made public until the 1970s. The US Navy Tactical Data System uses computers to integrate and display shipboard radar, sonar and communications data. Apps, games, and accessories helped spur the popularity of the iPad and led to its adoption in thousands of different applications from movie making, creating art, making music, inventory control and point-of-sale systems, to name but a few. The first digital computer that could operate in real-time came out of Project Whirlwind, a initiative during World War II in which MIT worked with the U.S. Navy to develop a universal flight simulator. T/F True You can save money on your data plan by using this type of connection whenever possible for connecting to the Internet. The RISC PC was used widely in UK broadcast television and in music production. The machines system of connections and switches let processors broadcast information and requests for help to other processors in a simulation of brain-like associative recall. The LEO was Englands first commercial computer and was performing useful work before any other commercial computer system in the world. 2. Ed de Castro, its main designer and co-founder of Data General, had earlier led the team that created the DEC PDP-8. For its January issue, hobbyist magazine Popular Electronics runs a cover story of a new computer kit the Altair 8800. With an order for 50 assembled systems from Mountain View, California computer store The Byte Shop in hand, the pair started a new company, naming it Apple Computer, Inc. Performing far better than the company projections of 3,000 units for the first year, in the first month after its release Tandy Radio Shacks first desktop computer the TRS-80 sells 10,000 units. Compaq beats IBM to the market when it announces the Deskpro 386, the first computer on the market to use Intels new 80386 chip, a 32-bit microprocessor with 275,000 transistors on each chip. That's not as trivial. Based on Charles Babbage's second design for a mechanical calculating engine, a team at the Science Museum in London sets out to prove that the design would have worked as planned. Arduino soon became the main computer platform of the worldwide Maker movement. Follow-on versions of the Kindle added further audio-video capabilities. The replica is currently on display at the Computer History Museum. Apple launches the iPhone - a combination of web browser, music player and cell phone - which could download new functionality in the form of "apps" (applications) from the online Apple store. Truong, founder and president of the French company R2E, created the Micral as a replacement for minicomputers in situations that did not require high performance, such as process control and highway toll collection. For easy replacement, designers placed each transistor circuit inside a "bottle," similar to a vacuum tube. It was thus an important milestone in computing as soon Microsoft Windows and the Apple Macintosh would soon adopt the GUI as their user interface, making it the new paradigm for personal computing. Conceived in the UK by the Raspberry Pi Foundation, this credit card-sized computer features ease of use and simplicity making it highly popular with students and hobbyists. While Apple sued to remove the Laser 128 from the market, they were unsuccessful and the Laser remained one of the very few Apple clones for sale. The Advanced Strategic Computing Initiative (ASCI) needed a supercomputer to help with the maintenance of the US nuclear arsenal following the ban on underground nuclear testing. If a student is creating within Minecraft or Sims, what type of computer programming products are they designing and making? The DN100 is based on the Motorola 68000 microprocessor, high-resolution display and built-in networking - the three basic features of all workstations. Scientific and defense applications included studies of human electrophysiology, nuclear weapon simulation, human genome mapping, and global climate change. 1945: Memex The Altair 8800, produced by Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS) and invented by Ed Roberts, was originally sold as a kit. During three years of production, IBM sells 19 701s to research laboratories, aircraft companies, and the federal government. refers to symbols that represent fast objects and ideas. Which software was the first available for microcomputers? The 1401 mainframe, the first in the series, replaces earlier vacuum tube technology with smaller, more reliable transistors. Microsoft Windows, also called Windows and Windows OS, computer operating system (OS) developed by Microsoft Corporation to run personal computers (PCs). News of the groundbreaking electronic ENIAC computer that same year inspired the group to change course and attempt a digital solution, whereby flight variables could be rapidly programmed in software. What type of software allows teachers and students in different locations to use it to create, edit, and share documents at the same time over the Internet? A (n) _____ is a computer that controls access to the hardware and software on a network and provides a centralized storage area for programs, data, and information. server. True/False B. The 400 served primarily as a game console, while the 800 was more of a home computer. All these previous chips set the stage for the first PC processors. What is a distinguishing feature of instructional software? Designed by British engineer Tommy Flowers, the Colossus is designed to break the complex Lorenz ciphers used by the Nazis during World War II. The NeXT had three Motorola microprocessors and 8 MB of RAM. At its introduction, it was listed as the second fastest supercomputer in the world and this single system increased NASA's supercomputing capacity 10-fold. The SSEC was one of the last of the generation of 'super calculators' to be built using electromechanical technology. While many early digital computers were based on similar designs, such as the IAS and its copies, others are unique designs, like the CSIRAC. The Nova was first to employ medium-scale integration (MSI) circuits from Fairchild Semiconductor, with subsequent models using large-scale integrated (LSI) circuits. The success of the VAX family of computers transformed DEC into the second-largest computer company in the world, as VAX systems became the de facto standard computing system for industry, the sciences, engineering, and research. The Apple Newton Personal Digital Assistant. Which of the following is not a significant challenge in regard to assessing students who are English language learners (ELLs)? The TRS-80 was priced at $599.95, included a Z80 microprocessor, video display, 4 KB of memory, a built-in BASIC programming language interpreter, cassette storage, and easy-to-understand manuals that assumed no prior knowledge on the part of the user. The Manchester Mark I used more than 1,300 vacuum tubes and occupied an area the size of a medium room. Total Cards. Reduced instruction set computers (RISC) grow out of the observation that the simplest 20 percent of a computers instruction set does 80 percent of the work. The Jaguar was used to study climate science, seismology, and astrophysics applications. Promotional shot of the Compaq Deskpro 386s. Spectra systems were marketed on the basis of their compatibility with the IBM System/360 series of computer since it implemented the IBM 360 instruction set and could run most IBM software with little or no modification. Their first program, consisting of seventeen instructions and written by Kilburn, ran on June 21st, 1948. Palm Inc., founded by Ed Colligan, Donna Dubinsky, and Jeff Hawkins, originally created software for the Casio Zoomer personal data assistant. Based on the Intel 8008 microprocessor, the Micral is one of the earliest commercial, non-kit personal computers. Started by a group of engineers that left Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), Data General designs the Nova minicomputer. Originally a joint project with IBM and Microsoft, OS/2 is know maintained by IBM, and was a competitive product to the various MS Windows programs. Completed in 1951, Whirlwind remains one of the most important computer projects in the history of computing. If a social studies teacher wanted to poll students anonymously about their opinions on a local issue, what tool might she use to gather their data? It had 32 KB of memory and sold for $8,000. IBMs 7000 series of mainframe computers are the companys first to use transistors. Stibitz stunned the group by performing calculations remotely on the CNC (located in New York City) using a Teletype terminal connected to New York over special telephone lines. Sales were weaker than projected, despite being widely praised by the press for its active matrix display, removable trackball, and high performance. The AGC was one of the earliest uses of integrated circuits, and used core memory, as well as read-only magnetic rope memory. The PROMs contained a disk operating system, allowing. Store the results for future use Hardware the electronical and mechanical equipment that makes up a computer. Wang sold the 2200 primarily through Value Added Resellers, who added special software to solve specific customer problems. The PDP-8 sold for $18,000, one-fifth the price of a small IBM System/360 mainframe. In 1939, Bell Telephone Laboratories completes this calculator, designed by scientist George Stibitz. It was originally created for a nuclear missile design project in 1949 by a team led by Fred Steele. The ASCI Red, based on the design of the Intel Paragon, was built by IBM and delivered to Sandia National Laboratories. An inspiring summer school on computing at the University of Pennsylvanias Moore School of Electrical Engineering stimulates construction of stored-program computers at universities and research institutions in the US, France, the UK, and Germany. From concept to finished system, SCAMP took only six months to develop. microcomputer, an electronic device with a microprocessor as its central processing unit (CPU). Operator at Complex Number Calculator (CNC). Created almost five years after the original Apple II, Franklin's Ace 1000 main logic board is nearly identical to that in the Apple II+ computer, and other models were later cloned as well. 25. C. The Z3, an early computer built by German engineer Konrad Zuse working in complete isolation from developments elsewhere, uses 2,300 relays, performs floating point binary arithmetic, and has a 22-bit word length. . The Mark-8 Do-It-Yourself kit is designed by graduate student John Titus and uses the Intel 8008 microprocessor. The last one was decommissioned in 1979. Constructed at MITs Lincoln Laboratory, the TX-0 moved to the MIT Research Laboratory of Electronics, where it hosted some early imaginative tests of programming, including writing a Western movie shown on television, 3-D tic-tac-toe, and a maze in which a mouse found martinis and became increasingly inebriated. Spreadsheet Officially known as the Track Write, the automatically expanding full-sized keyboard used by the ThinkPad 701 is designed by inventor John Karidis. The first Q1 microcomputer was delivered in December of 1972, making it the first, as far as he can tell. Called the Model K Adder because he built it on his Kitchen table, this simple demonstration circuit provides proof of concept for applying Boolean logic to the design of computers, resulting in construction of the relay-based Model I Complex Calculator in 1939. Within a year, he had built the worlds first laser printer, launching a new era in computer printing, generating billions of dollars in revenue for Xerox. It offered increased performance and storage capacity over the original IBM PC and sold for about $4,000. Built as an electro-mechanical means of decrypting Nazi ENIGMA-based military communications during World War II, the British Bombe is conceived of by computer pioneer Alan Turing and Harold Keen of the British Tabulating Machine Company. Intel introduced the 8086 in June 1978. Atari's 8-bit computers were influential in the arts, especially in the emerging DemoScene culture of the 1980s and '90s. What software was the first available for microcomputers? The Control Data Corporation (CDC) 6600 performs up to 3 million instructions per second three times faster than that of its closest competitor, the IBM 7030 supercomputer. Combined with an enhanced bus interface unit, the microprocessor doubled the performance of the 386 without increasing the clock rate. Apple's Macintosh Portable meets with little success in the marketplace and leads to a complete redesign of Apple's line of portable computers. Zuse later supervised a reconstruction of the Z3 in the 1960s, which is currently on display at the Deutsches Museum in Munich. Designed by Don Lancaster, the TV Typewriter is an easy-to-build kit that can display alphanumeric information on an ordinary television set. Question 13. The display also used In Plane Switching (IPS) technology, which allowed for a wider viewing angle and improved color accuracy. A. He founded Sublogic after graduating from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign in 1977, and released the first version of Flight Simulator for the Apple II in 1979. Within weeks of its appearance, customers inundated its maker, MITS, with orders. Intel and Zilog introduced new microprocessors. Federico Faggin led the design and Ted Hoff led the architecture. Their first product, the HP 200A Audio Oscillator, rapidly became a popular piece of test equipment for engineers. The Baby was built to test a new memory technology developed by Williams and Kilburn -- soon known as the Williams Tube which was the first high-speed electronic random access memory for computers. 0.5 out of 0.5 points. IBM's brand recognition, along with a massive marketing campaign, ignites the fast growth of the personal computer market with the announcement of its own personal computer (PC).
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