Each makes it wonderful for mature, dry, and all skin types alike. Read More Best Stick Blender for Soap Making: 9 Features To Look ForContinue. Kindred was used as part of the official name and is associated with our family ties. This is a result of the natural antibacterial properties that help kill the bacteria that cause acne in addition to assisting with the balance of your skins PH level. Dulce De Donke Donkey Milk Soap $12.59 True to original form in its simplicity,this donkey milk soap is as pure as it gets. They were milder, yet still more effective than other AHAs at improving skin moisture and reducing the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles. AHAs also help to tone and minimize the appearance of pores. Please contact the moderators of this subreddit if you have any questions or concerns. Your email address will not be published. Although theres a lack of scientific studies specifically on goat soap and its benefits for skin conditions like eczema, there are many anecdotal references to its usefulness. Where does this idea that milk is good to wash with come from anyway? So far, there have only been scattered reports of its consumption in the country. One of the easiest ways to incorporate this creamy milk into your skincare routine is to use a bar of goat milk soap. And all the safety guidelines about making soap with lye scared the wits out of me with a new baby on the way! Each produces only about 4 cups (1 liter) of milk per day. Milk from goats is an ideal soap making additive as its high in fat, which makes for a luxurious and creamy finished product. Donkey's milk has a pH level very close to the pH level of human's skin, it helps to moisturize and keep the skin's oils in balance. Reaction score. Barbershop Goat Milk Soap $ 7.98 Add to cart. Swapping donkey milk allowed for regular weight and height gains (13). Get it tomorrow, 4 Mar. Well that's interesting. Hydrates and softens skin. Heres what to look for. 2 cups goats milk melt and pour soap base; 3 Tbsp. And many, including myself, claim a difference in the clarity of their skin after just two weeks of regular use. Sort of. A study looked at various alpha hydroxy acids (citric, glycolic, hydroxybutyric, lactic, and malic acids) and their stinging potential on sensitive skin, the ability to increase skin cell renewal, and their ability to improve moisture content and reduce lines and wrinkles over a six-week period. . It also protects against bacterial infections that can cause skin inflammation. While this is very rare, it can happen. People have long used milk as part of a beauty routine. All you have to do is choose a base, melt it, customize it with your favorite colors, scents, or other natural creative soap additives, and pour it all into a mold. It also has positive effects on skin tone, where its known to lighten and brighten the skin. The proteins in donkey milk have the ability to attract and hold water, which makes it an excellent moisturizer (4). The biggest downside of donkey milk is its price and availability. Unfortunately, some commercial companies use synthetic chemicals in place of glycerin that strips the skin of all of its oils and acts as skin irritants. When we think of Cleopatra, or all things French, we do indeed think of luxury, radiance and timeless beauty. If you want to try it out, dont delay. Saponify is a proud member of the Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO). Id love to make some dish soap bars, but coconut soap base is totally unavailable where I live. But theres something to be said for an ingredient thats lasted the test of time and donkey milk soap has been celebrated since the ancients (who, we must admit, were far more wise than us). Press J to jump to the feed. 53. Oatmeal melt and pour soap takes well to adding scent and can be colored if you so choose. How Long Do the Symptoms of Lactose Intolerance Last? They are not like cows. If you need it for skincare, goat milk soap is the ideal choice. Both SFIC and Stephenson manufacture fantastic soap bases and I must say, I enjoy them both equally. If you have skin sensitivity, avoid bars that contain artificial fragrances or dyes which can irritate the skin. In terms of protein, a nutrient necessary for optimal growth, mare's milk is similar to both cow's and goat's milk in total crude protein. Though there are several similarities and some differences, it is important to remember that they are two separate kinds of soap. Read our Disclosure and Privacy Policies. Pretty fun discovering all the unique bases right! The almond is a popular tree nut that is loaded with important nutrients. Soap Base Highlights: Both rich and moisturizing, goat milk soap base can help keep the skin healthy with its vitamins, minerals, and proteins. Ironically.the Donkey Milk Healing Skin Gel Mask is the one that my face LOVES the most! Its highly recommended for dry and mature skin types. The high fat content, lactic acid, and emollient properties of goats milk all contribute to its anti-inflammatory properties. Links to personal/professional social media accounts or online stores will be flagged and removed. Recommend Skin Type: Glycerin is a natural humectant that draws water to the skin and is suitable for all skin types. The skys the limit when it comes to the creative aspects of making soap at home with a melt and pour soap base! Cross reactivity of milk protein. If you want to try donkey milk in liquid or powder form, look for one that has been pasteurized. Honey melt and pour soap has a beautiful golden glow all on its own, no soap colorant needed. The protein in donkey milk is largely whey, which has compounds that can help prevent the growth of some bacteria and viruses. In smaller quantities, Stephenson brand soap bases come in a handy 2 lb. Create an account to follow your favorite communities and start taking part in conversations. Its especially appealing to those with a cows milk protein allergy who can tolerate its low casein content. Very slowly, add your lye and carefully squish it into the milk. One of the major components of goats milk is lactic acid. Like other soaps, take care not to get any in your eyes (although some people say this type of soap doesnt sting as badly as other soaps!). Its anti-microbial and deep-cleaning qualities can help relieve redness and swelling, while reducing breakouts. Goat Milk in Human Nutrition and Health A Review. In fact, youll probably have much better luck finding donkey milk skin moisturizers and soaps than donkey milk beverages. The lactoperoxidase contained in the milk has antibacterial properties that are good for oily skin prone to acne. Cleopatra? And if it WAS, I can't imagine a difference between cows, goats, donkey or camel milk, except for the price. Now beer soap - if you want a lather for days, try a beer soap. I can see that it's a seller, I just dont think it would be better in blind tests. Nutritionally, goat milk is slightly higher in fat and calories, but also contains more vitamins, minerals, and protein than cow's milk. We know what youre thinkingDonkey milk soap? 1. Various breeds of domesticated donkeys live all over the world, and like many other mammals, female donkeys, known as jennies, have been raised for thousands of years for their milk (1). It comes from the same seeds of the cacao bean! Cow's milk, goat milk and camel milk have almost the same amount of protein at approximately 3.4%. All melt and pour soap bases contain lye, water, glycerin, and oil. It has antimicrobial properties and is used as a folk medicine treatment for infections, including whooping cough, as well as viruses in parts of Africa and India (2). Yes, as I previously mentioned melt and pour soap bases have gone through the saponification process, making them safe for the skin. Two separate reports in The Hindu in Bengaluru and Chennai, in 2013 and 2014, respectively . Its also creamy and moisturizinggreat for dry or sensitive skin! Thank you for the informative article! There are many benefits of goat milk soap that you will find from using this product, and treating acne is one of them! Sheep milk contains the highest amount of protein at about 6% while donkey milk has the lowest protein content at 0.4%. You may see sodium hydroxide listed as an ingredient that is lye. All rights reserved. A natural humectant, glycerin works to attract moisture to the outer layer of skin from the inside out. After the basic ingredients of oil, lye, water, and glycerin, other melt and pour soap ingredients are added. The low omega 6 to omega 3 ratio is what makes this soap anti-inflammatory and the high amounts of vitamin A helps to repair skin. You could do either; just be careful not to add too much unrefined shea butter as it could make your soap bar too soft. Now that weve had a look at the many benefits, lets look at the flip side. There are far fewer options when it comes to donkey milk soap as more goats are raised than donkeys leading to wider availability of goat milk. Donkeys?! Donkey milk soap is also beneficial for people with skin allergies or acne. If you are looking into alternative soaps other than your traditional body wash, both donkey milk soap and goat milk soap are probably on your radar. Thank you so much for these clear and such interesting informations !! Many commercial synthetic soaps contain harsh chemicals which may cause itchy skin, or irritated skin. All together, melt and pour soap is an easy way to make customized soap at home. Donkey milk is similar to human breast milk in that its low in casein and higher in whey (12). And Castile soap allows your skin to breathe unlike modern synthetic soaps that block pores, Castile soap works to clean and clear pores! Goat milk soap is rich in B vitamins and trace minerals, like magnesium and potassium. Given its significantly lower casein content, many people with a cows milk protein allergy can tolerate donkey milk, as they find that donkey milk doesnt cause an allergic response (12). Nutritionally, donkey milk is very similar to human breast and cows milk. Cosmetic products that may have donkey milk as a major ingredient include skin creams, face masks, soaps, and shampoos. It has moisturizing and antioxidant properties to protect your skin, face, and hair. It helps your body absorb calcium, which is important for strong bones (12, 14). Donkey milk is more than a food item. Well, goat milk is naturally homogenized, meaning the cream of the milk doesnt float to the top. Goat milk has more vitamin A, B3, and B6, though it has lower amounts of B9, B12 and B2 vitamins than cow milk. Both are rather affordable. Soap Base Highlights: Cocoa butter soaps rich, moisturizing lather and divine chocolate scent make it one soap base type every soapmaker should try! Not to mention, that I also had to find a large space to cure my homemade soap bars for weeks. It may turn slightly orange or brown due to the caramelization of the sugars in the milk reacting with the lye. From my reading of her book, I took away the message that there's nothing to lose and some definite benefits to gain by substituting milk for water. There are also more sugars. May help with acne and other skin conditions 7. Donkey milk soap and goat milk soap can both be used in the same ways as well. However, any additives such as coffee grounds will mostly sink to the bottom of a shea butter base. Reportedly, no less than 700 donkeys were needed to provide the quantity of milk necessary for her daily bath. Its everything you need to choose the best melt and pour soap base to make homemade soap! Stephenson is UK based and SFIC is USA based. Shea butter comes from the nut of the karite tree, found in central Africa. The cellulose and fiber from the oats make an effective skin soother for itchy, irritated dry skin. Sodium Lauryl Isethionate - synthetic detergent. It is used in many natural hair care and skin care products and remedies to help moisturize and strengthen hair and skin. Goat milk is the milk of domestic goats. Keeping your skin hydrated is probably the single most important practice in your skincare routine, besides maybe sunscreen. This way, they are more easily able to regenerate and turnover the dead skin cells that build up on our skins surface and cause dullness, fine lines and wrinkles, uneven skin tone, etc. "And the alpha-hydroxy acids in goat milk help the vitamins and minerals to be absorbed into the deeper . Store-bought cosmetics, lotions, and bath and body products have preservatives. Hippocrates reportedly used it as a treatment for arthritis, coughs, and wounds. Lets take a closer look at the benefits of goat milk soap. Healthline Media does not provide medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. But the milk is nourishing. (Whether this is actually true is another matter!). At its base it is indeed soap made with donkey milk, but what it claims to do for your skin makes it so much more than that. 2. So its no surprise that milk has once again resurfaced as a popular ingredient in skincare products such as natural goats milk soap. Goat milk is lighter and more digestible than buffalo milk. If it's too solid to combine, briefly melt the coconut oil in a small saucepan until softened or liquified. Donkey milk may sound like a trendy newcomer to the milk market, but in reality, it has been around for thousands of years. Cattle milk content was higher than donkey and goat breeds. We figured, if its good enough for Cleopatra and Pauline Bonaparte, its good enough for us. Whisk well to get rid of any clumps. 3 times higher in vitamin C than cow's milk, 10 times higher in iron but less vitamin A and B2. However, you can deepen the color by adding natural ingredients like wheat germ in this easy-to-make honey almond soap that both cleanses and gently exfoliates dry skin. It's Pure, Natural and Handcrafted. Camel Milk is rich in long-chain fatty acids which are important for the skin's natural oil barrier, critical in keeping skin hydrated, plumper, and younger . Casein is the protein most people with an allergy to cows milk react to. Removes wrinkles, rejuvenates skin. Theres a reason this handcrafted cleanser is soaring in popularity. Haven represents a place offering us favorable opportunities and reflects our sanctuary and home. It contains compounds that can prevent the growth of viruses and bacteria (1, 3, 12). So, its always a good idea to choose an all-natural melt and pour soap base free of parabens, dyes, and harsh detergents. As well as those with sensitive skin areas. Yet the result is still a beautifully handcrafted soap that is nourishing for skin, even if its made the easy way. Our search ended up involving a friend who made an epic journey for the purpose of adopting a male donkey and was kind enough to deliver an order of frozen milk to us. This was the first soap base I fell in love with for its nourishing vitamins, proteins, and minerals for the skin. In addition, it might offer other benefits, including supporting a healthier immune system and reducing blood pressure. (2021). These parameters were 3.07 0.2; 5.020.12; 3.60.4 and 0.74 0,02 for Protein, lactose, fat and ash. Basil, Sage & Mint Goat Milk Soap $ 7.98 Add to cart. Can i mix both sheabutter base and goatmilk base together to get the goodness of both from a single soap bar..?? Not only is goat milk healthy for the body when ingested, it also provides plenty of benefits for skin when applied topically. And soap colorants generally come out pastel when added to goat milk soap. Made with only four ingredients, you'll receive all of the benefits of donkey milk and none of the irritation, fragrance or chemicals found in conventional soaps. Choosing a melt and pour soap base allowed me to jump through all the hurdles leaving my worries about lye behind, greatly, and I mean greatly, reducing the cost to get started. So, goat milk soap does in fact have goat milk as one of the ingredients and donkey milk soap has donkey milk. In the United States, federal law prohibits the transportation of raw milk across state lines. From simple dried lavender soap and coffee soap recipes to more elaborate exfoliating pink salt soap and layered hibiscus soap to name a few. When skin is moisturized, it forms an effective barrier to lock in moisture while keeping irritants and harmful bacteria out. As I talk about in my soap making beginner guide, I was originally feeling completely deflated after reading how I needed to spend a few hundred dollars on equipment and supplies to make soap at home. In other words, there may be a link between sensitization to goats milk through epicutaneous sensitization to food allergens., One 2021 case study studied this phenomenon within a single family.. Goats Milk: Is This the Right Milk for You? Amazon $9.95 See on Amazon While a little pricier than this list's other goat. So thats how we came to make donkey milk soap. Sodium Palmitate - sodium salt of palm kernel oil. Because donkey milk has a pH level thats very similar to that of human skin, it can help balance the production of sebum. [1] Some goats are bred specifically for milk. Soap Base Highlights: Known for healing a dry scalp, cracked heels, and eczema, a shea butter soap base is an intense moisturizer. The color differences between the above methods are small. Milk may help do the following:. The result is a more hydrated epidermis and smoother, more supple skin. Read More 13 Creative Eco-Friendly Soap Packaging Ideas That ImpressContinue. Goat milk soap has several beneficial characteristics that can help keep your skin looking and feeling great. In fact, if it wasnt for discovering all-natural melt and pour soap bases, I wouldnt have a single soap recipe to share. With the internet, you can always find both donkey milk and goat milk soap, but youll likely find that goat milk soap is widely accessible in variation choices. Bulk Apothecary has a lot of great supplies for soap makers. Besides milk, glycerin is present as its a natural byproduct of the soap making process. Free of harsh surfactants 2 Downsides of goat's milk soap 1. Donkey milk may be a suitable dairy substitute for people with a cows milk protein allergy, although it still contains casein and lactose. To prevent it from burning, stir continuously until it has all melted and been fully incorporated into the solution. Check your email for a confirmation message. The price of donkey milk, along with its low casein content, also make it very expensive and difficult to use for cheesemaking. The healing one is the one that subsides the fastest and calms my skin down while delivering some much needed hydration. Napoleons sister, Pauline Bonaparte, used donkey milk as part of her skin care regimen. raw honey; 2 Teaspoons sweet almond oil; 26 drops orange essential oil; 12 drops tangerine essential oil; This 3-pack of essential oils contains orange, tangerine and lemon for a great price. Any/all of the links on RusticWise.com may be affiliate links from which we receive a small commission from sales of certain items. Fig 3. 2-3% infants allergic to milk proteins. According to legend, Cleopatra bathed in donkey milk. Full rules can be found here https://old.reddit.com/r/soapmaking/comments/jqf2ff/subreddit_rules/. Lactic acid is a type of alpha hydroxy acid (AHA) which acts as a gentle exfoliator. Compared with the protein in cows milk, which has about five times more casein than whey, the protein in donkey milk has roughly equal parts casein and whey (12). In lab studies, it prevents the spread of bacteria, including Listeria monocytogenes, Escherichia coli, and Staphylococcus aureus (1, 3, 12). Dont worrythe finished product doesnt contain any active lye! Goat Milk Soap. document.getElementById( "ak_js_1" ).setAttribute( "value", ( new Date() ).getTime() ); This site uses Akismet to reduce spam. The real challenge of donkey milk soap is obtaining the donkey milk. On the other hand, Donkey milk in Donkey milk soap eliminates and reduces the signs of expression. Disclaimer: As an Amazon Associate Life-n-Reflection earns from qualifying purchases. Ive always said its an incredible multipurpose natural soap ingredient. Youll find some made with powdered goat milk, while others are crafted from real unprocessed raw goat milk. And donkey milk soap is an excellent hydrator! Melt it, scent it, color it, swirl it, layer it, and pour into countless shapes and sizes. In fact, the vitamin C content in donkey milk is almost 4 times that found in cows milk. SUMMARY One of the most common uses for donkey milk is as an. Alternatively, heat the raw milk to at least 161F (72C) for 15 seconds before drinking it to kill any pathogens (15). Youve likely seen Castile soap at your favorite shops because this ancient soap is becoming widely available again. Goat milk melt and pour soap is a soft white soap that is blended with real goat milk. Thank you. Heres how ingredients found in nature can create natural antibacterial soap. The addition of raw honey beefs up the moisturizing power, adds a sweet scent, and packs soap full of antioxidants. The rich antioxidant properties found in vitamins A, C, D, E, as well as B-vitamins, prevent oxidative stress on skin cells. Other compounds in the milk may support a healthier immune system. "What is donkey milk soap?" Think of it like goat's milk soap, but from a different animal. Take a look at the advantages and disadvantages of donkey milk soap vs. goat milk soap so you can decide which is best for you. Moreover, in terms of those dreaded fine lines and wrinkles, the proteins in donkey milk have a tightening effect on the skin, which helps reduce their appearance. But is glycerin a preservative? Made with only four ingredients, youll receive all of the benefits of donkey milk and none of the irritation, fragrance or chemicals found in conventional soaps. The protein and fat structure of goats' milk is different from cows' milk. Goat milk soap is wildly versatile. They are the best goats milk soaps for people with sensitive skin or skin conditions like eczema, acne, or psoriasis. Donkey milk soap benefits. Soap Base Highlights: This is the purest solid white color soap base Ive used. Above all, take good care of yourselves and enjoy the spring weather. Use left/right arrows to navigate the slideshow or swipe left/right if using a mobile device. Recommend Skin Type: Shea butter soap is always a great choice for dry and mature skin types. Wrinkles, old age spots, and hyperpigmentation are kept in check with the properties of lactic acid, a mild, yet effective AHA.. White coconut soap base is designed to contain no superfat meaning it wont leave any residue on surfaces or dishes. Lemon is one of the most used . In Italy, where its especially popular, donkey milk is used in some infant formulas and as a medical food (4, 7). This post contains some affiliate links for your convenience, read full disclosure policy. And if you add too much additional oil, youll end up with a bar of really soft soap. Aloe vera melt and pour soap is made with real aloe for an incredibly soothing soap with a silky texture. And Ive even put together printables for every soap base type!! Good thing, homemade soap makes a great handmade gift for any occasion. Goat milk soap is a natural way to tackle tough skin problems from eczema to acne. 13 Creative Eco-Friendly Soap Packaging Ideas That Impress, Natural Soap Preservatives: Why DIY Soap Bars Dont Need Them, Best Stick Blender for Soap Making: 9 Features To Look For, 12 Best Fragrance Oils for Men: A Guide To Scents + Essential Oils, Natural Antibacterial Soap: 13 Essential Oils With Cleansing Power, 1. They prevent skin damage by fighting off free radicals that can speed up the aging process. plastic container and SFIC soaps are . Part of the orange color is from the actual color differences in the kinds of milk: Goat farmers say that the color can even change depending on the season. Goat's milk doesn't separate naturally, so the fats are evenly distributed through the fluid. Most shea butter melt and pour soap bases contain about 5% shea butter. Goat's milk also has high levels of vitamin A. They help protect cells from oxidative damage, including that caused by sun exposure, thus providing anti-aging benefits (4). But again, sugar in the water before the lye is pretty fabulous too. With over 30 melt and pour soap bases to choose from, there is a lot of variety for you to build your soap creations upon. This is the mildest soap that we make and the one that we used on our newborn babies. What soap base would also work best, if not Coconut? And its high amount of antioxidants help keep free radicals at bay. I like the melt and pour soap bases from Bulk Apothecary but didnt realize there may be significant differences in them. /r/soapmaking is a place to share your soap making tips and tricks, links to cool techniques, ask soaping related questions or just fun new soap designs you've found or created. The short answer is: yes. However, most farms are small with 530 milking jennies. Think of it like goats milk soap, but from a different animal. Donkey milk has a long history of medicinal and cosmetic uses. No safety gear required! Non-nobles would occasionally use goat milk since goats were cheaper to maintain otherwise, "donkey milk was such a commodity that nobles would use the milk, and then sell it to lower. We use the organic castile until our babies are about two months old, and then we switch them . Yes and NoContinue. Share your stories of success and failure so we can all work together and keep clean! Enter our weekly drawing this week! Many women swear by it during pregnancy to reduce stretch marks. Its rich vitamin E content hydrates and soothes skin. Agarta 4 x Simple Natural Organic Goat Goats Donkey Milk Soap Bar Unscented 150g. Very informative! So how do you know what is the best base for homemade soap? Prevents redness, irritation, wear and itching. I made four bars of soap using the bee and honeycomb mold linked to below. It doesn't give an off-putting smell and it doesn't scorch. It is full of vitamins and minerals essential to great skin health. While there are a plethora of advantages to using goat milk in soap, well also reveal some disadvantages below. Gentle cleanser Most commercially made soaps contain harsh surfactants that can. The pH measurements performed on a donkey, goat,and bovine milkshowed that donkey milk had higher neutral pH (7.09) compared to bovine milk (6.65) and goat milk (6.5) (Fig 3).This difference was explained by the lower levels of caseins, phosphate, citrates and initial lactic acids present in donkey milk u0007 (Charfi et al. This translucent soap base is perfect for adding pressed flowers like this soap recipe demonstrates and its perfect for coloring too. We took a little look into this soap to find out, and, surprisingly, it might be worth exploring if you suffer from dry, aged and sensitive skin. Which is exactly what I wanted to happen for this coffee soap recipe! If youre like me youll have way too much soap on your hands in no time! When you make soap with a soap base the cure time is in hours not weeks!! MADE WITH SKIN-NOURISHING, EARTH-FRIENDLY Soap Ingredients - Goat's Milk, Saponified Palm Kernel Oil, Palm Oil, Glycerin, Sorbitol, Propylene Glycol, Sucrose, Titanium Dioxide, and Purified Water. Lad, S. S., Aparnathi, K., Mehta, B., & Velpula, S. (2017). Similar to cow's milk, although higher in calcium. Protein. Olive oil melt and pour soap is rich in monounsaturated fatty acids that help replenish the water level within the epidermis. And it contains oleocanthal, a high anti-inflammatory compound that aids in reducing inflammation which is often related to dry skin conditions such as eczema or psoriasis, as well as acne. Thank you for the great tips. Read More Is Glycerin a Preservative? Cow milk has more selenium. Order early, as sometimes there are shipping delays. Instructions. The casein-to-whey protein ratio in donkeys milk is very close to that of human milk. If youve ever tried other harsher facial peels, this comes as good news. Most goat milk extract come in a powdered form that is highly soluble and easy to mix with other ingredients. It is high in lactic acid which helps dead skin cells break down and shed. Stearic Acid - Cleaning & softening agent. By accessing or using any page on RusticWise.com, you agree that you have read, understood, and will abide by the: Privacy & Cookie Policy | Terms | Affiliate Disclosure. You could try a basic white soap in place of coconut. We were able to get together and make soap, right before the quarantine. Soap Base Highlights: Aloe vera soap is likely the most soothing and healing melt and pour soap base you can find. A balanced pH can be more gentle and less drying for the skin. GOAT MILK SOAP Milk delivers on these criteria. The many skin benefits of goats milk make it a useful ingredient to add to your anti-aging toolkit. Europe has some larger manufacturers who sell the milk in powdered form, but it can be expensive to ship overseas. I love making soap at home and over the last handful of years Ive made a lot! In terms of gentleness, lactic acid is one of the milder alpha hydroxy acids (AHA). Some of the proteins in donkey milk also function as antioxidants. The fats and oils work together to provide an abundance of purposes, including bubble baths, shampoo, body wash, face wash, and even shaving cream. That can be dangerous if fed to infants, older adults, or anyone with a compromised immune system. This soap has a luxurious big bubble lather. I've been trying to do the reasearch about these two, but I'm coming up a little bit short.
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